Journey to the Center of Your Mind! The Secret Science Club presents Brain Explorer Partha Mitra, Wednesday, July 6, 8 pm @ the Bell House, FREE!

It's all in your head . . . One hundred billion neurons. One hundred trillion neural connections. The architecture of the human brain is more complex than any super computer. In fact, neuroscientists recently calculated that one single human brain contains more “switches” than all the computers on Earth combined. And yet . . .  we still know so little about what makes the mind tick.

Partha Mitra of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory is seeking to change all that, embarking on a bold new project to map the brain’s architecture. Dr. Mitra asks: What is the brain circuitry that underlies human behavior and emotion? How many basic emotions do we have, and what causes them? How can we fundamentally expand our knowledge of the brain’s systems and interconnections in order to better treat neurological conditions and diseases of the mind?

A neuroscientist and theoretical physicist, Dr. Mitra is the Crick-Clay Professor of Biomathematics at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. The author of Observed Brain Dynamics and over 100 scientific papers, he is also a musician and artist, recently collaborating with Berlin-based sculptor Fre Ilgen on artistic renditions of neurosystem anatomy. Earlier this year, Dr. Mitra was awarded a prestigious Transformative Grant from the National Institutes of Health for his Brain Architecture Project. These special grants were designed to fund “exceptionally innovative, high-risk, original and/or unconventional research that has the potential to create new or challenge existing scientific paradigms.”

Before & After

--Groove to wet-wired tunes

--Stick around for the nervy Q&A

--Peek into Dr. Mitra’s mind-blowing microscope!

--Try our synapse-stimulating cocktail of the night, the Circuit Party

Don't miss one microsecond of this mind-expanding evening!

This cerebral edition of the Secret Science Club meets Wednesday, July 6 at 8 pm @ the Bell House, 149 7th St. (between 2nd and 3rd avenues) in Gowanus, Brooklyn, p: 718.643.6510. Subway: F or G to 4th Ave; R to 9th St.

Doors open at 7:30 pm. Please bring ID: 21+
Free! Just bring your smart self! 

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BONES! Join paleoanthropologist William Jungers at the Secret Science Club on Wednesday, July 2 @ 8 pm

Set the dial on the "Wayback Machine," Sherman. We’re heading for the Paleolithic—and beyond.

One of the world’s most eminent evolutionary morphologists, Dr. William Jungers asks: How have hominids changed over the last 6 million years? What do we know about the behavior of our human ancestors? When (and why) did some primates start walking upright? Are the little people of Flores (Homo floresiensis)—whose 18,000-year-old Hobbit-like bones were discovered in Indonesia in 2004—really a new species of early human? And what happened to the giant lemurs of Madagascar?

Chair of the Department of Anatomical Sciences at Stony Brook University’s School of Medicine, Dr. Jungers investigates the function and structure of living and fossil primates. His research focuses on the evolution of human locomotion, body size, and biomechanical scaling, as well as vertebrate paleontology. The former editor of the Journal of Human Evolution, Dr. Jungers has authored more than 100 scientific articles and edited/co-authored several books. He recently received two major grants for his research on evolution—from the Leakey Foundation and the National Geographic Society.

Dr. Jungers is also part of the international team involved in the analysis of the controversial Homo floresiensis bones.

Before and After
--Groove to bone-jangling tunes and video in Union Hall’s subterranean grotto

--Stick around for the scintillating Q&A

--Try our cocktail of the night, the Naked Ape. (It’ll strip you bare . . . )

The “Secret Science Club” meets July 2 at 8 p.m. in the basement @ Union Hall, 702 Union St. (at 5th Ave.) in Park Slope, Brooklyn, p: 718.638.4400 Subway: R to Union St.; F to 4th Ave.; Q, 2, 3, 4, 5 to Atlantic Ave.

No cover charge. Just bring your smart self.

Doors open at 7:30. LIMITED SEATS AVAILABLE.

PLEASE BRING ID: 21+. Pocket protectors suggested.

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Wednesday, July 11, The Secret Science Club Presents "And Just Remember This . . ."

NOBEL-PRIZE-WINNING NEUROSCIENTIST ERIC KANDEL AT 8 PM
Learning—the act of creating new memories and new synaptic connections—changes the very nature of our brains. Every conversation alters brain chemistry. So what will happen after an evening with Eric Kandel, one of the living icons of neuroscience? Your mind will be BLOWN!

Professor at Columbia University, senior investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the author of In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind, Eric Kandel received his Nobel Prize in 2000 for helping to “crack open the secrets of the neuron” and radically improving our understanding of the brain.

He discusses: Do memories make us who we are? How is our psychology linked to our biology? How do you study self-awareness? What mechanism causes memories to last a lifetime? How can we overcome diseases that affect the human mind? And why is the humble sea slug, Aplysia, his mascot?

Strengthen those synapses! Don’t miss this brain-boggling night . . .

POST-LECTURE BOOK SIGNING, SILENT SCI-FI, AND SCIENCE MINGLE
There’s more! Purchase Dr. Kandel’s unforgettable new book—and have him sign it! Stick around for brain food, memorable tunes, and neurally inspired video.

--Cocktail alert! Enjoy the Brainy Libation of the Night—“Amnesiac Punch”—an experimental potion that will realign your neural architecture . . .

The “Secret Science Club” meets July 11th at 8 p.m. in the basement @ Union Hall, 702 Union St. (at 5th Ave.) in Park Slope, Brooklyn, p: 718.638.4400 Subway: R to Union St.; F to 4th Ave.; Q, 2, 3, 4, 5 to Atlantic
No cover charge. Just bring your smart self.

Doors open at 7:30 pm!

Note: The Secret Science Club is meeting the SECOND Wednesday of this month.

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AMERICAN WHITE SPRUCE (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss)

AMERICAN WHITE SPRUCE (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss)

Synonyms — Abies canadensis Mill., P. canadensis (Mill.) Britton et al., P. glauca f. aurea (J.
Nelson) Rehder, P. glauca var. conica Rehder, Pinus glauca Moench, Pinus laxa Ehrh.
Activities (American White Spruce) — Antiseptic (f; DEM); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic
(f; DEM); Digestive (f; DEM); Laxative (f; DEM); Panacea (f; DEM); Rubefacient (f; CEB); Tonic
(f; DEM).
Indications (American White Spruce) — Abscess (f; CEB); Arthrosis (f; DEM); Boil (f; CEB; DEM);
Burn (f; CEB); Catarrh (f; CEB); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM); Congestion (f; DEM); Cough
(f; CEB; DEM); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; DEM); Dyspnea (f; CEB);
Dysuria (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; CEB); Fever (f; DEM); Flu (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; CEB; DEM);
Gravel (f; CEB); Gray Hair (f; CEB); Infection (f; CEB; DEM); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Ophthalmia (f;
CEB); Phthisis (f; CEB); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rash (f; DEM); Respirosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism
(f; CEB; DEM); Scab (f; CEB); Scabies (f; DEM); Scurvy (f; CEB; DEM); Sore (f; CEB; DEM);
Stomatosis (f; DEM); Swelling (f; CEB; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Wound (f; CEB; DEM).

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AMERICAN SOLOMON’S-SEAL (Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliot)

AMERICAN SOLOMON’S-SEAL
(Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliot)

Activities (American Solomon’s-Seal) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiinflammatory (f; FAD); Antipyretic
(f; CEB); Aphrodisiac (f; CEB); Astringent (f; CEB; FAD); Depurative (f; CEB); Emetic
(f; CEB); Laxative (f; CEB; DEM); Sedative (f; DEM); Tonic (f; DEM); Vulnerary (f; CEB).

Indications (American Solomon’s-Seal) — Arthrosis (f; FAD); Boil (f; DEM); Bruise (f; DEM;
FAD); Cancer (f; KAB); Carbuncle (f; DEM; FAD); Coma (f; DEM); Conjunctivosis (f; CEB);
Cough (f; DEM); Debility (f; DEM; FAD); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Dysentery (f; DEM); Dysmenorrhea
(f; DEM; FAD); Dyspepsia (f; FAD); Enterosis (f; CEB); Erysipelas (f; CEB); Fever (f;
CEB); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Headache (f; CEB; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; FAD); Inflammation (f;
FAD); Insomnia (f; DEM); Leukorrhea (f; DEM); Mastosis (f; CEB); Measles (f; DEM); Nervousness
(f; DEM); Ophthalmia (f; CEB); Pain (f; CEB; DEM); Poison Ivy (f; CEB); Pulmonosis (f;
DEM); Rheumatism (f; FAD); Sore (f; DEM; FAD); Wound (f; DEM; FAD).
Dosages (American Solomon’s-Seal) — Food farmacy, as the plant is eaten.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Solomon’s-Seal) — Class 1
(AHP). Not covered (KOM; PH2). None reported

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AMERICAN PENNYROYAL (Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.) + (down from CRC)

AMERICAN PENNYROYAL
(Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.) + (down from CRC)

Synonym — Melissa pulegioides L.
Activities (American Pennyroyal) — Abortifacient (f; CRC); Allergenic (f; CRC); Analgesic (1;
CRC; DEM; FNF); Anesthetic (1; FNF); Antiinflammatory (1; FNF); Antipyretic (f; APA); Antiseptic
(1; FNF); Antispasmodic (1; CRC; FNF); Antitussive (f; CRC); Carminative (1; APA; CRC);
Decongestant (f; APA); Dermatitigenic (f; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Digestive (f;
APA); Diuretic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Expectorant (f; APA; DEM; FAD);
Hepatotoxic (f; PHR); Insecticide (1; CRC); Insectifuge (2; APA; CRC; DEM); Myorelaxant (1;
CRC; FNF); Nervine (f; CRC); Sedative (1; FNF); Stimulant (f; APA; CRC).
Indications (American Pennyroyal) — Allergy (1; FNF); Amenorrhea (f; CRC); Bronchosis (1;
FNF); Burn (f; CRC); Cold (1; APA; CRC; FAD; FNF); Colic (1; APA; CRC); Conjunctivosis (f;
CRC); Cough (1; APA; DEM; FAD; FNF); Cramp (1; CRC; FNF); Dermatosis (f; APA); Dysentery
(f; DEM); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; APA; DEM); Eczema (f; APA);
Enterosis (f; CRC); Fever (1; CRC; FAD; FNF); Flu (1; APA; FNF); Flux (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f;
CRC; DEM); Gout (f; CEB); Headache (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Hepatosis (f; CRC; FAD); Inflammation
(1;APA; FNF); Itch (f; CRC); Leukorrhea (f; CRC); Myosis (1; FNF); Nephrosis (f; DEM;
FAD); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (1; CRC; FNF); Pertussis (f; DEM); Pharyngosis (1; FNF);
Pneumonia (f; CRC); Rheumatism (1; CRC); Spasm (1; CRC; FNF); VD (f; CRC); Virus (1; FNF);
Wound (f; APA).
Dosages (American Pennyroyal) — Should not be taken (APA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Pennyroyal) — Class 2b. Emmenagogue
and uterotonic (AHP). In Canada, only allowed in food or beverage if pulegone-free
(AHP). Used as an emmenagogue and abortifacient. Pennyroyal oil is toxic and potentially fatal if
ingested. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rash, dizziness,
and alternating lethargy and agitation, leading to kidney failure, massive hepatic necrosis, and
disseminated intravascular coagulation. Serious toxicity with the tea has not been reported. CNS
symptoms from ingesting pennyroyal-containing preparations include lethargy, agitation, dizziness,
sometimes leading to seizures and auditory and visual hallucinations. GI effects include nausea,
vomiting, burning in the throat, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (AEH1).

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AMERICAN LIVERLEAF (Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson)

AMERICAN LIVERLEAF (Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson)

Synonym — Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (Pursh) Steyermark.
DEM gives mostly distinct uses for the round-lobed Hepatica var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyermark, the
data of which have not been entered here. DEM data below apply only to the sharp-lobed liverwort.
PH2 seems to have lumped the two American varieties with the European H. nobilis in saying that
it is a protected species in Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, etc. CEB treats three species (H.
acutiloba, H. americana, and H. nobilis) and gives some indications I had not seen elsewhere.
MAD seems to restrict his account to the European material, but as almost always, PH2 does not
bring forth much of the Madaus folklore.
Activities (American Liverleaf) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antibacterial (1; HHB); Aperitif (f; FAD);
Astringent (f; EFS); Circulotonic (f; FAD); Contraceptive (f; DEM); Demulcent (f; FAD); Diuretic
(f; MAD); Emetic (f; DEM); Hepatotonic (f; FAD); Laxative (f; DEM); Litholytic (f; PH2); Pectoral
(f; CEB); Philtre (f; DEM); Tonic (f; HHB); Vulnerary (f; MAD).
Indications (American Liverleaf) — Anorexia (f; FAD); Bacteria (1; HHB); Bleeding (f; MAD);
Bronchosis (f; HHB); Cachexia (f; CEB); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, tonsil (f; JLH); Carcinoma (f;
JLH); Childbirth (f; DEM); Chill (f; CEB); Cough (f; CEB); Crosseye (f; DEM); Cystosis (f;
MAD); Diphtheria (f; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; CEB; DEM); Dyspnea (f; DEM); Endothelioma (f;
JLH); Enterosis (f; DEM); Enuresis (f; MAD); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Fracture (f; MAD); Gallstone
(f; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; MAD); Gravel (f; PH2); Hematuria (f; HHB); Hemoptysis (1; HHB);
Hepatosis (f; DEM; HHB; PH2); Hernia (f; CEB); Hypocholdria (f; CEB); Incontinence (f; MAD);
Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (f; CEB); Jaundice (f; HHB; PH2); Laryngosis (f; MAD);
Leukorrhea (f; DEM); Mastosis (f; DEM); Myosis (f; DEM); Nephrosis (f; CEB; MAD); Ophthalmia
(f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Pharyngosis (f; MAD); Phthisis (f; CEB); Pulmonosis (f; CEB);

Sarcoma (f; JLH); Scabies (f; CEB); Side Ache (f; DEM); Sore (f; CEB); Sore Throat (f; HHB);
Stomatosis (f; DEM); Stone (f; PH2); Swelling (f; DEM); Tonsilosis (f; JLH; MAD); Tracheosis
(f; MAD); Tuberculosis (1; HHB); VD (f; MAD); Vertigo (f; CEB); Water Retention (f; MAD).
Dosages (American Liverleaf) — 100 g dry herb, 350 ml water, 450 ml alcohol (HHB); 4 tsp
(3.8 g) herb in cold extract (MAD); 2–4 g in tea as single dose (PH2); 2–8 ml liquid extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Liverleaf) — Class 2b. High doses
may irritate kidneys and urinary tract (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper
therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

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AMERICAN HELLEBORE (Veratrum viride Aiton)

AMERICAN HELLEBORE (Veratrum viride Aiton)

 

Synonyms — V. eschscholtzii A. Gray, V. lobelianum var. eschscholtzianum Schult. & Schult. f.
Activities (American Hellebore) — Abortifacient (f; CRC; DEM); Analgesic (1; CRC; PH2);
Antipyretic (f; CRC; HHB; PHR); Antispasmodic (f; CRC; HHB; MAD; PHR); Aperitif (f;
FEL); Arteriosedative (f; CRC); Cardiosedative (f; CRC); Decongestant (f; CRC); Deobstruent
(f; CRC); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC; PHR); Emetic (f;
CRC; HHB); Hepatotonic (1; CRC); Hyperemic (f; PH2); Hypotensive (1; CRC; WOI);
Insecticide (1; CRC; WOI); Larvicide (1; WOI); Nephrotonic (1; CRC); Nervine (f; CRC);
Parasiticide (1; CRC); Poison (f; DEM); Sedative (f; CRC; HHB; PHR); Sternutator (f; CRC);
Tranquilizer (f; CRC).
Indications (American Hellebore) — Ague (f; CEB); Alopecia (f; DEM); Amaurosis (f; CRC);
Amenorrhea (f; CRC); Anorexia (f; FEL); Apoplexy (f; CRC); Atherosclerosis (f; CRC); Arthrosis
(f; CEB; DEM; MAD); Asthma (f; CRC; MAD; PH2); Backache (f; CRC); Blood (f; DEM); Boil
(f; FEL); Bronchosis (f; FEL); Bruise (f; DEM); Bunion (f; CRC); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, breast
(f; CRC; JLH); Carbuncle (f; FEL); Cardiopathy (f; CRC; FEL); Cellulitis (f; FEL); Chilblain (f;
CRC); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cholera (f; CEB; CRC); Chorea (f; CEB; CRC; MAD); Cold (f; CRC;
PH2); Congestion (f; CRC; MAD); Constipation (f; DEM); Convulsion (f; CRC; WOI); Cough (f;
DEM); Cramp (f; CRC; HHB; MAD; PHR); Croup (f; CRC; PH2); Cystosis (f; FEL); Dandruff
(f; CRC); Delirium (f; FEL; MAD); Dermatosis (f; DEM; PH2); Diplopia (f; CRC); Diaphragmosis
(f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; CEB; MAD); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; MAD); Dyspepsia
(f; CRC); Eclampsia (f; FEL; MAD); Edema (1; CRC); Encephalosis (f; MAD); Endocardosis (f;
MAD); Enterosis (f; MAD); Epilepsy (f; CEB; CRC; MAD); Erysipelas (f; CRC; FEL); Esophagosis
(f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; FEL; HHB; PHR); Flu (f; CRC); Fracture (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f;

 

DEM; MAD); Goiter (f; FEL); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Gout (f; CRC; FEL; PH2); Headache (f;
CRC; FEL; MAD; WOI); Heatstroke (f; CEB; CRC); Hemoptysis (f; FEL); Hepatosis (f; FEL);
Herpes (f; CEB; CRC; FEL; PH2); Hiccup (f; CEB; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; CEB; CRC;
WOI); Hysteria (f; MAD); Inflammation (f; CRC; FEL; WOI); Insomnia (f; CRC; HHB; MAD;
PHR); Malaria (f; CRC); Mania (f; CRC; FEL; WOI); Mastosis (f; JLH); Meningosis (f; CRC;
MAD); Miscarriage (f; CRC); Myalgia (f; CRC; DEM); Nausea (f; MAD); Nephrosis (f; FEL);
Nervousness (f; CRC; HHB; PHR); Neuralgia (1; CRC; FEL; PH2; WOI); Orchosis (f; CRC; FEL);
Pain (1; CRC; PH2); Palpitation (f; FEL); Parasite (1; CRC); Pericardosis (f; MAD); Peritonosis
(f; CRC; FEL; PH2); Pertussis (f; CEB; CRC); Phlebitis (f; DEM); Phthisis (f; FEL); Pleurosis (f;
MAD); Pneumonia (f; CEB; CRC; FEL; MAD; PH2); Poison Ivy (f; FEL); Pregnancy (f; HHB;
WOI); Proctosis (f; CRC); Puerperium (f; CEB; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; FEL; MAD); Respirosis
(f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Rheumatism (f; CEB; CRC; FEL; PH2); Rhinosis (f; DEM); Scarlet Fever
(f; CRC; PH2); Sciatica (f; CRC; PH2); Scrofula (f; CRC; PH2); Shingles (f; CRC; PH2); Sinusosis
(f; DEM); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; CRC; FEL; PH2); Splenosis (f; CRC); Sprain (f; DEM);
Stomachache (f; DEM); Swelling (f; CRC; DEM); Syphilis (f; FEL); Tonsilosis (f; CRC; FEL;
PH2; WOI); Toothache (f; CEB; CRC); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; FEL; PH2); Tumor (f; CRC); Typhoid
(f; CRC); Typhus (f; CEB); Uterosis (f; CRC); VD (f; DEM; FEL); Vertigo (f; MAD); Vomiting
(f; MAD); Water Retention (f; CRC; PHR); Wound (f; CEB; CRC).
Dosages (American Hellebore) — 0.3–2 ml tincture (1:10)/day (HHB; PHR); 60–240 mg fl extract;
120–600 mg tincture (MAD). Old daily dose 100 mg (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Hellebore) — Class 3 (AHP).
Whole plant highly toxic (CRC); overdose fatal (DEM). Too toxic to use (JAD; PH2). Some of the
alkaloids transdermally dangerous (PH2).

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AMERICAN GINSENG, GINSENG (Panax quinquefolius L.)

AMERICAN GINSENG, GINSENG (Panax quinquefolius L.)

 

Activities (American Ginseng) — Adaptogen (f; FAD); Anticonvulsant (f; DEM); Antipyretic (f;
DEM); Aphrodisiac (1; CRC; FAD); Carminative (f; CRC); Cerebrotonic (f; DEM); Demulcent (f;
CRC; FAD); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; DEM);
Hypertensive (1; FAD); Hypoglycemic (f; CRC); Panacea (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Tonic (f;
CRC; FAD); Vermifuge (f; DEM).
Indications (American Ginseng) — Aging (f; CRC); Anemia (f; CRC); Anorexia (f; DEM);
Arthrosis (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; DEM); Boil (f; DEM); Carbuncle (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM);
Cholera (f; DEM); Colic (f; DEM); Convulsion (f; DEM); Debility (f; CRC); Diabetes (f; CRC);
Dyspepsia (f; DEM); Dyspnea (f; DEM); Fatigue (f; CRC); Fear (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Gas
(f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; DEM);
Hyperglycemia (f; CRC); Impotence (1; CRC; FAD); Infertility (f; DEM); Insomnia (f; CRC); Low
Blood Pressure (1; FAD); Nausea (f; DEM); Neurasthenia (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Otosis
(f; DEM); Palsy (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; CRC); Respirosis (f; DEM); Swelling (f; DEM); Syncope
(f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Tumor (f; CRC); VD (f; DEM); Vertigo (f; DEM); Water
Retention (f; CRC); Worm (f; DEM); Wound (f; DEM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Ginseng) — Class 1 (AHP). Not
covered exactly in PH2 where, unfortunately, they list American (P. quinquefolius) and Siberian
Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) among the trade names for oriental ginseng (Panax ginseng),
rendering the entire PH2 entry suspect.

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AMERICAN CORN MINT, CANADIAN MINT, JAPANESE MINT (Mentha canadensis L.)

AMERICAN CORN MINT, CANADIAN MINT, JAPANESE MINT
(Mentha canadensis L.)

Synonyms — M. arvensis var. glabrata Fernald, M. arvensis var. piperascens Malinv. ex L. H. Bailey
Activities (American Corn Mint) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiemetic (f; DEM); Antipyretic (f;
DEM); Carminative (f; DEM); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Hemostat (f; DEM);
Sedative (f; DEM); Stomachic (f; DEM).
Indications (American Corn Mint) — Bleeding (f; DEM); Cardiopathy (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM);
Colic (f; DEM); Cough (f; DEM); Croup (f; DEM); Dentition (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; DEM);
Dyspepsia (f; DEM); Epistaxis (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Gas (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM);
Gingivosis (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM); Hemoptysis (f; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; DEM); Insomnia
(f; DEM); Nausea (f; DEM); Nervousness (f; DEM); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Pleurisy
(f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Stomachache (f;
DEM); Stomatosis (f; DEM); Swelling (f; DEM); Toothache (f; DEM); Vomiting (f; DEM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Corn Mint) — Commission E
reports contraindications for EO: biliary obstruction, gallbladder inflammation, severe liver damage;
adverse effects: gastric complaints. Not to be inhaled by small children (AEH).

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AMERICAN BEECH (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.)

AMERICAN BEECH (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.)

Synonyms — F. americana Sweet, F. ferruginea Aiton
Activities (American Beech) — Abortifacient (f; DEM); Antiseptic (f; MIC); Depurative (f; DEM);
Tonic (f; MIC); Vermifuge (f; DEM).
Indications (American Beech) — Burn (f; DEM; FAD); Chancre (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f;
DEM); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Frostbite (f; DEM; FAD); Hepatosis (f; MIC);
Jaundice (f; DEM); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Poison Ivy (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; DEM; FAD);
Rheumatism (f; MIC); Sore (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM; MIC); VD (f; DEM); Worm (f;
DEM; FAD).
Dosages (American Beech) — 1 oz leaf/quart salt water (FAD).
AMERICAN BITTERSWEET (Celastrus scandens L.) X
Activities (American Bittersweet) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antipyretic (f; CEB); Astringent (f;
DEM; HHB); Cardioactive (f; FAD; HHB); Cholagogue (f; CEB); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic
(1; FAD; PH2); Diuretic (1; DEM; FAD; PH2); Emetic (f; FAD; HHB); Emmenagogue
(f; DEM); Laxative (f; CEB); Laxative (Pediatric) (f; DEM); Poison (1; DEM; USA); Secretagogue
(f; CEB).
Indications (American Bittersweet) — Amenorrhea (f; DEM); Anemia (f; DEM); Backache
(f; DEM); Burn (f; FAD); Cancer (f; CEB; DEM; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Childbirth (f;
DEM); Cold (f; DEM); Cough (f; DEM); Debility (f; CEB); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f;
FAD); Dropsy (f; DEM); Dysentery (f; FAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; PH2); Dysuria (f; DEM);
Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (1; CEB; DEM; FAD; PH2); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Gingivosis (f; DEM);
Hemorrhoid (f; CEB); Hepatosis (f; DEM; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Leukorrhea (f; FAD); Liver
Spot (f; DEM); Mastosis (1; CEB); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; CEB;
DEM; PH2); Sore (f; DEM; JLH); Stomatosis (f; DEM); Swelling (f; CEB; HHB); Syphilis (f;

CEB); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Ulcer (f; DEM); VD (f; DEM); Water Retention (1; DEM; FAD;
PH2); Wound (f; FAD).
Dosages (American Bittersweet) — Make decoction, boiling down 1 lb of bark in 1 gallon water;
reduce to 2 quarts; take wineglassful 2–3 ×/day (CEB but XXX for Jim Duke). For anemia, a fistful
of root bark to 1 gallon water; reduce to 1 pint; mix with wine and infusion of wild grape vine (CEB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Bittersweet) — Not covered
(AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Fruit toxic;

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ALPINE ROSE (Rhododendron ferrugineum L.)

ALPINE ROSE (Rhododendron ferrugineum L.)

 

Activities (Alpine Rose) — Astringent (1; HHB); Diuretic (f; HHB); Hypotensive (f; PH2);
Litholytic (f; HH2); Sedative (f; HHB).
Indications (Alpine Rose) — Arthrosis (f; PHR); Calculus (f; PHR; PH2); Gas (f; PH2); Gout (f;
HHB; PHR; PH2); High Blood Pressure (f; PHR; PH2); Hypertonia (f; PHR); Insomnia (f; HHB);
Migraine (f; PHR; PH2); Myalgia (f; PHR; PH2); Nervousness (f; HHB); Neuralgia (f; PHR; PH2);
Orchosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Senility (f; PH2); Stone (f; HHB; HH2);
Water Retention (f; HHB).
Dosages (Alpine Rose) — 5–6 g in infusion (HH2; PHR; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alpine Rose) — Not covered (AHP).
Commission E reports for leaf, toxic diterpenes may be present and chronic use may lead to
hydroquinone poisoning (due to the presence of arbutin) (AEH; HH2). Signs of intoxication:
arrhythmia, bradycardia, cold sweats, cramps, diarrhea, dyspnea, hypotension, paresthesia,
poor coordination, salivation, stupor, finally leading to possible death through apnea or cardiac
failure (PH2). There are no reports of serious instances of poisoning of patients used to taking
it as an infusion in folk medicine (daily dose 5–6 g).

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ALPINE RAGWORT (Senecio nemorensis L.)

ALPINE RAGWORT (Senecio nemorensis L.)

PH2 may have been confused in assigning the common names life root and squaw weed to
this species, more often reserved for American S. aureus. Some data (HHB) apply to ssp.
fuchsii.
Activities (Alpine Ragwort) — Carcinogenic (1; HHB; PH2); Hemostat (1; HHB; PH2); Hepatotoxic
(1; HHB; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; PH2); Hypotensive (f; BRU).
Indications (Alpine Ragwort) — Bleeding (1; BRU; HHB; PH2); Diabetes (1; PH2); High
Blood Pressure (f; BRU; PH2); Hyperglycemia (1; PH2); Odontosis (f; PH2); Uterostimulant
(f; PH2).
Dosages (Alpine Ragwort) — Do not take (JAD). Steep 1 tsp 5–10 minutes in cup hot water; take
several times a day as needed (PH2). (Still, PH2 says it should not be taken internally.)
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alpine Ragwort) — Not covered (AHP).
Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in considerable amounts and varieties, which can be
carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, and mutagenic. Use of Senecio species can result in potentially fatal
hepatic veno-occlusive disease in humans, with symptoms of abdominal pain and vomiting
with ascites. PAs are toxic to humans, with liver damage with cirrhosis and ascites, or seneciosis
(VOD) reported in almost all cases of severe or fatal intoxications, from intakes of 0.5 mg/kg
to 3.3 mg/kg (AEH).

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ALPINE CRANBERRY (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.)

ALPINE CRANBERRY (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) ++

With at least 10 common names available in the USDA online, you’d think that an herbal desk
reference intended for American physicians would use 1 of these 10. But no, PH2 went with
alpine cranberry. USDA suggests cowberry, foxberry, lingberry, lingen, lingenberry, lingon,
lingon berry, mountain cranberry, and rock cranberry (not to mention the German, Preiselbeere).
DEM goes with lingonberry and mountain cranberry. Even two of the alternatives offered by
PH2 were not listed by USDA (e.g., alpine cranberry and whortleberry). Thank goodness for
scientific names.
Activities (Alpine Cranberry) — Antiherpetic (1; HH2); Antiseptic (1; PH2); Antiviral (1; PH2);
Astringent (f; HHB; HH2); Cyclooxygenase-Activator (1; HH2); Cytotoxic (1; HH2); Fungicide
(1; HHB); Urinary Antiseptic (1; PH2).
Indications (Alpine Cranberry) — Bleeding (1; HHB); Calculus (f; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH);
Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; HHB); Cold (f; DEM); Cough (f; DEM; HHB); Diarrhea
(1; HHB; HH2); Flu (1; HH2); Fungus (1; HHB); Gout (f; PH2); Herpes (1; HH2); Infection (1;
HHB; PH2); Inflammation (1; HH2); Mastosis (f; JLH); Mycosis (1; HHB; HH2); Respirosis (f;
HHB); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Stone (f; PH2); Swelling (f; HH2); Urethrosis
(f; HH2); UTI (f; PH2); Virus (1; PH2).
Dosages (Alpine Cranberry) — 2 g/cup tea (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alpine Cranberry) — Contraindicated in
pregnancy, nursing, and in children under 12 years of age. Since the urinary antisepsis depends
on an alkaline environment, acidifying herbs should be avoided (PH2). At 5 g/kg orl cat, the
leaves cause the same intoxication as a toxic dose of hydroquinone (HH2). Liver damage could
occur with long-term use or overdose, due to possible hepatotoxicity of the hydroquinones
released. Hydroquinone intoxication, apparently roughly dose dependent, may occur with many
Ericaceae, proportionate to their hydroquinone content. Without comparative analysis, we may
even add the warning to other blueberries, cranberries, and bearberries.

Extracts (Alpine Cranberry) — Should we be pleased or disenchanted that three flavonoids in
this species increases cyclooxygenase activity? Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several
Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium species have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated
superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active
toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity,
being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain
more active substances. (X1332092)

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ALOES (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Inner leaf or Dried Leaf Juice)

ALOES (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Inner leaf or Dried Leaf Juice) +

Synonyms — A. barbadensis Mill., A. perfoliata var. vera L., A. vulgaris Lam.
Activities (Aloes) — Antiallergic (f; PED); Anticancer (1; CAN; PNC); Bitter (f; PED); Cell-
Proliferant (f; PED); Demulcent (f; PED); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; PNC); Gastrotonic (f; AAB);
Hepatotonic (f; AAB); Hypoglycemic (1; CAN); Laxative (2; AAB; CRC; KOM; PNC; SHT;
WHO); Nephrotonic (f; AAB); Pancreatonic (f; AAB); Stomachic (f; CRC); Sunscreen (f; PNC);
Vermifuge (1; MPI; PHR).
Indications (Aloes; inner leaf only, powdered) — Abrasion (f; CRC); Allergy (f; PED); Amenorrhea
(f; CAN; PHR); Atherosclerosis (f; PHR); Cancer (1; CAN; FNF; PNC); Colic (f; PHR);
Constipation (2; KOM; SHT; WOI); Dermatosis (f; CRC; PHR; WHO); Diabetes (1; CAN; PHR);
Dysmenorrhea (f; CAN; PHR); Fungus (1; FNF; JAD); Gastrosis (f; PHR; WOI); Hepatosis (f;
APA); Hyperglycemia (1; CAN; WHO); Infection (f; PHR); Mycosis (1; APA; WHO); Seborrhea
(f; WHO); Tuberculosis (f; WHO); Tumor (1; FNF; PHR); Ulcer (f; PED; WHO); Worm (1; FNF;
JAD; MPI; PHR).
Indications (Aloes) — Amenorrhea (f; CAN; PHR); Atherosclerosis (f; PHR); Colic (f; PHR);
Constipation (2; KOM; SHT; WOI); Dermatosis (f; PHR; WHO); Diabetes (f; PHR); Dysmenorrhea
(f; CAN; PHR); Gastrosis (f; PHR; WOI); Hepatosis (f; APA); Hyperglycemia (f; WHO); Infection
(f; PHR); Mycosis (1; APA; WHO); Seborrhea (f; WHO); Tuberculosis (f; WHO); Tumor (f; PHR);
Ulcer (f; WHO); Worm (f; PHR).
Dosages (Aloes) — 50–300 mg at bedtime (AHP); 50–200 mg dried juice or equivalent per day
(KOM); 50–200 mg dried juice or equivalent 3 ×/day (CAN); 1 (250 mg) capsule at bedtime
(NH); 100–300 mg (PNC); 1 tsp juice after meals (SF). As a laxative for adults and children
over 10 years old, 0.04–0.11 g of the dry juice of Barbados or Curaçao aloe or 0.06–0.17 g Cape
aloe corresponding to 10–30 mg hydroxyanthraquinones/day (or 0.1 g juice as single dose in the
p.m.) (WHO).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Aloes) — Dermatosis, diarrhea, intestinal
cramps, ulcers. Also contraindicated in hemorrhoids, ileus, and nephropathy (BIS; CAN;
KOM), intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain of unknown causes, any enteritis (appendicitis,
colitis, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome), and menstruation (AHP). Commission E
reports contraindications, adverse effects, and interactions of anthranoid laxatives (AEH).
Naturopaths Yarnell and Meserole (1996) state that people allergic to aloe may develop a
severe rash following its application. Anthraquinones may be purgative, and GI tract irritant
(CAN). Because of its laxative and reputed abortifacient actions, its use in pregnancy and
lactation is to be avoided. “Anthraquinones may be secreted into breast milk” (AHP). Do not
use more than 8–10 days (AHP). “Do not use in cases of abdominal pain or diarrhea. Discontinue
use if diarrhea or watery stools occur. Consult a health care provider prior to use in
pregnancy or nursing. Not for long-term use or overdosage (AHP). Speaking of Aloe spicata,
“Because of its drastic laxative action it is not commonly employed in the United States

Research on the long-term toxicity and pharmacokinetics of aloe is still incomplete” (AHP).
Risks are not conclusive based on the available information (SHT).
Clinical (Aloes) — A nondialysable fraction (with mixed polysaccharides) enhances phagocytosis
in adult bronchial asthma (perhaps due to endogenous cyclooxygenase synthesizing prostaglandins
especially PGE-2, with some TXB-2, PGD-2, PGF-2, and 6 keto-PGF-1b). PGE-2 has been
associated with the beneficial effect on asthma.

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ALOE (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Gel)

ALOE (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Gel) ++

Synonyms — A. barbadensis Mill., A. perfoliata var. vera L., A. vulgaris Lam.
The gel is used folklorically, and the dried inner leaf juice pharmaceutically as a laxative. There
is much confusion resulting from different interpretations by botanists, chemists, collectors,
herbalists, pharmaceuticists, physicians, and taxonomists. I don’t know the herbalist or taxonomist
who can identify aloe to species by its latex or leaves alone. Here, I have tried to sort
out what I think was intended by the authors, mostly also compilers like myself, interpreting
the studies of others. Potter’s New Cyclopedia tried to straighten things out by calling the gel
“aloe vera” and the purgative powder “aloes.” Fleming (1998) aggregates it all inextricably,
dried and fresh leaf juice, whole leaves, and the gel (PHR, PH2). It’s even botched in the Bible,
according to Biblical scholars. Aloe in the Old Testament is said to be Aquilaria, while that of
the New Testament is said to be our Aloe vera.
Activities (Aloe) — Abortifacient (1; WO3); Analgesic (1; PH2); Antiaggregant (f; CRC);
Antiaging (f; WO3); Antialcoholic (1; WO3); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antidote, alcohol (1; WO3);
Antiedemic (1; CAN; WHO); Antiherpetic (1; AAB; PH2); Antihistaminic (1; APA); Antiinflammatory
(1; AAB; CAN; PH2; WHO; WO3); Antiplaque (f; WO3); Antiprostaglandin (1; WHO);
Antiseptic (1; CRC; PH2); Antithromboxane (1; PH2; WHO); Antiulcer (1; AAB; PH2); Antiviral
(1; AAB; PH2; WO3); Antiwrinkle (f; WO3); Aperient (f; DAA; DEP); Arylamine-N-Acetyltransferase-
Inhibitor (1; PH2); Bitter (f; PED); Cholagogue (f; CRC); Collagenic (1; PH2);
Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor (1; PH2); Demulcent (1; WAM); Depurative (f; CRC); Digestive (1;
CRC; WAM); Emmenagogue (1; DAA; MPI); Emollient (1; WAM); Fungicide (1; APA; PH2);
Hemostat (1; WO3); Hypocholesterolemic (1; WO3); Hypoglycemic (1; CAN); Immunomodulator
(1; PH2); Insecticide (f; CRC); Larvicide (f; CRC); Laxative (1; PH2; WAM); Microcirculatory
Stimulant (f; CAN); Mitogenic (1; WO3); Moisturizer (1; CRC); Nematicide (1; CRC);
Phagocytotic (1; CAN; PNC); Propecic (f; KAP); Radioprotective (1; MPI); Stimulant (f; CRC);
Stomachic (f; CRC; MPI); Tonic (f; MPI); Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor (1; PH2); Vermifuge (1;
MPI); Vulnerary (1; CAN; WAM; WHO; WO3).

A Indications (Aloe; gel only) — Abrasion (1; WHO); Abscess (f; CAN); Acne (f; CRC; WHO);
Acrochordon (f; CRC); Adenopathy (f; DEP); Alcoholism (1; WO3); Alopecia (f; CRC; KAP);
Amenorrhea (f; CRC; PH2); Anemia (f; WHO); Apoplexy (f; DEP); Arthrosis (1; CAN; WO3);
Asthma (1; CAN; KAP; PNC); Bacteria (1; APA; PH2); Bleeding (1; CRC; WO3); Blindness
(f; WHO); Boil (f; AAB); Bronchosis (1; CAN; WO3); Bruise (1; WHO); Bug Bite (1; APA);
Burn (1; AAB; CAN; WAM; WHO); Cancer (1; FNF, JAD; JLH; PH2); Cancer, anus (1; CRC;
JLH); Cancer, breast (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, larynx (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, lip (1; CRC;
JLH); Cancer, liver (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, lymph (f; DEP); Cancer, nose (1; CRC; JLH);
Cancer, skin (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; CRC; JLH; PH2); Cancer, tongue (f; JLH);
Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); Childbirth (f; CRC; DAA); Cold (f; CRC); Colic (f; KAP; PH2);
Condyloma (f; CRC; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; DEP; PHR); Constipation (adult only) (2; DAA;
PH2; WAM); Convulsion (f; CRC); Cough (f; APA; CRC; KAP); Decubitis (f; AAB); Dermatosis
(1; PH2; WHO; WO3); Diabetes (1; APA; CAN); Dysmenorrhea (f; KAP); Dyspepsia (f;
CRC); Eczema (f; CAN; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC; WO3); Epilepsy (f; KAP); Erysipelas (f;
CRC); Fever (f; DEP); Frostbite (1; APA; PH2; WHO); Fungus (1; AAB; APA; MPI; PH2);
Gastrosis (f; CRC; WO3); Gingivosis (f; WO3); Glaucoma (f; WHO); Hemorrhoid (f; APA;
CRC; WHO); Hepatosis (f; CRC; DEP); Herpes (1; AAB; PH2); High Cholesterol (1; WO3);
HIV (1; WO3); Hyperglycemia (1; CAN); Hysteria (f; CRC); Immunodepression (1; CAN;
PNC); Indigestion (1; WAM); Infection (1; APA; PH2); Infertility (1; CRC; MPI); Inflammation
(1; AAB; CAN; CRC; PH2; WHO; WO3); Ischemia (1; PH2); Itch (f; DAA); Jaundice (f;
CRC); Leukemia (f; CRC; JLH); Mouth Sore (1; CAN); Mycosis (1; APA; FNF; PH2; WHO);
Ophthalmia (f; DEP); Pain (1; PH2); Peptic Ulcer (1; CAN; CRC); PMS (f; APA); Proctosis
(f; CRC); Psoriasis (2; CAN; PH2; WHO); Radiation Burn (1; CRC; DAA; WHO); Rash (1;
AAB); Rheumatism (f; WO3); Ringworm (1; APA); Salmonella (1; CRC); Seborrhea (f; WHO);
Splenosis (f; DEP); Staphylococcus (1; CRC; PH2); Stomatosis (f; JLH); Streptococcus (1;
CRC); Sunburn (1; AAB; PNC; WAM); Swelling (1; CAN; WHO); Syphilis (f; PHR); Trachosis
(f; WO3); Tuberculosis (1; DAA; KAP); Tumor (1; CRC); Ulcer (1; AAB; APA; PH2; WAM;
WHO; WO3); Uterosis (f; CRC); Vaginosis (f; APA); VD (f; CRC); Virus (1; AAB; PH2;
WO3); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Worm (1; CRC; MPI; PH2); Wound (1; APA; CAN; CRC); Wrinkle
(f; WO3).
Dosages (Aloe) — 50–200 mg powder (APA); 50–300 mg powder in a single dose at bedtime
(AHP); 1 tbsp gel 3 ×/day (APA); 25 mg in 701 mg soybean oil, 1–2 softgels 3 ×/day; apply
topically; or 1 tbsp juice after meals (SF). Aloe gel, Barbados aloe, and Aloe powder contain,
respectively 4.87, 4.65, and 4.21% aloin, and 2.2, 2.1, and 2.03% aloe emodin.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Aloe) — Gel Class 1 Internally; Gel
Class 2d Externally (AHP); Powder Class 2b, 2c, 2d. Anthraquinones may be purgative and
GI tract irritant (CAN). Commission E reports contraindications, adverse effects, and interactions
of anthranoid laxatives (AEH). Because of its laxative and reputed abortifacient actions,
its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. However, they suggest that topical, but not
oral, application may be okay in pregnancy and lactation (CAN). The latex can be a drastic
laxative. Contraindicated for pregnant women and children (LRNP). Do not use internally in
pregnancy (WAM). Do not use with undiagnosed abdominal pain (WAM). Do not use internally
for more than 10 days (WAM). Epidemiological studies in Germany reveal that abusers of
anthranoid laxatives have three times higher rate of colon carcinoma (AEH:115). May cause
allergic dermatosis. Taken in excess may result in ulcers or irritated bowels (TMA, 1996).
Hypoglycemic. Naturopaths Yarnell and Meserole (1996) state that people allergic to aloe may
develop a severe rash following its application. Alcoholic extract at 100 mg/kg for 3 months
toxic in mice (AAB).

Clinical (Aloe) — A nondialysable fraction (with mixed polysaccharides) enhances phagocytosis
in adult bronchial asthma (perhaps due to endogenous cyclooxygenase synthesizing prostaglandins
especially PGE-2, with some TXB-2, PGD-2, PGF-2, and 6 keto-PGF-1b). ZPGE2 has been
associated with the beneficial effect on asthma. Gel reported effective in mouth ulcers. Gel preparations
reported effective against peptic ulcers (unless stress-induced), radiation burns, and skin
ulcers, ineffective against stress-induced gastric and peptic ulcers. Healing wounds (10 mg/kg scu
rat; 100 mg/kg scu mouse).

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ALMOND OIL (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb)

ALMOND OIL (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) ++

Synonyms — Amygdalus communis L., A. dulcis Mill., Prunus amygdalus Batsch, P. communis
(L.) Arcang., P. dulcis var. amara (DC.) Buchheim
Activities (Almond Oil) — Antibacterial (1; APA); Demulcent (2; APA); Emollient (2; APA);
Laxative (2; APA).
Indications (Almond Oil) — Bacteria (1; APA); Cancer, bladder (1; APA); Cancer, breast (1;
APA); Cancer, oral (1; APA); Cardiopathy (2; APA); Constipation (2; APA); High Cholesterol (2;
APA).
Dosages (Almond Oil) — 30 ml oil as laxative (APA); 15–30 ml almond oil (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Almond Oil) — Class 3 (AHP). Ten bitter
almonds said to be fatal to child, 60 to adult (PHR).

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ALMOND (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb)

ALMOND (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) ++

Synonyms — Amygdalus communis L., A. dulcis Mill., Prunus amygdalus Batsch, P. communis
(L.) Arcang., P. dulcis var. amara (DC.) Buchheim.
Activities (Almond) — Allergenic (1; JAF49:2131); Alterative (f; BIB); Antibacterial (1; APA;
MPI); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB); Astringent (f; BIB); Carminative (f; BIB); Cyanogenic (f; BIB);
Demulcent (1; APA; BIB; EFS; PH2); Discutient (f; BIB); Diuretic (f; BIB; DEP); Emollient (1;
APA; BIB; EFS); Laxative (1; APA; BIB); Litholytic (f; BIB; DEP; WOI); Nervine (f; BIB; WOI);
Pediculicide (f; DEP); Sedative (f; BIB); Stimulant (f; BIB); Tonic (f; BIB).
Indications (Almond) — Acne (f; BIB); Adenopathy (1; JLH); Ascites (f; BIB); Asthma (f;
BIB); Bacteria (1; APA; MPI); Biliousness (f; BIB); Bronchosis (f; BIB); Callus (f; BIB; JLH);
Cancer (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, bladder (1; APA); Cancer, breast (1; APA; JLH); Cancer, colon
(1; ABS); Cancer, gland (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, mouth (1; APA);
Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH);
Cardiopathy (1; APA); Cold (f; BIB); Colic (f; BIB); Condyloma (f; BIB; JLH); Constipation
(1; APA); Corn (f; BIB; JLH); Cough (f; BIB; DEP; PH2); Cramp (f; BIB); Cystosis (f; BIB;
JLH); Delirium (f; BIB); Dermatosis (f; BIB; PH2; WOI); Diabetes (f; DAA); Dysmenorrhea (f;
DEP); Dyspnea (f; BIB); Enterosis (f; DEP); Furuncle (f; BIB); Gas (f; BIB); Gingivosis (f;
BIB); Gleet (f; BIB); Gravel (f; BIB); Headache (f; BIB; DEP); Heartburn (f; BIB); Hepatosis
(f; BIB; DEP; JLH); High Cholesterol (1; APA); Hydrophobia (f; BIB); Impotence (f; BIB);
Induration (f; BIB; JLH); Inflammation (f; BIB); Insomnia (f; BIB); Itch (f; BIB; WOI); Leukoderma
(f; BIB); Nausea (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; BIB); Nervousness (f; BIB); Neuralgia (f;
DEP); Ophthalmia (f; DEP); Otosis (f; BIB); Pain (f; DEP); Pulmonosis (f; BIB); Respirosis (f;
EFS); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; BIB; JLH); Sore Throat (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; BIB; DEP;
JLH); Staphylococcus (1; MPI); Stomatosis (f; BIB); Stone (f; BIB; DEP; WOI); Streptococcus
(1; MPI); Swelling (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; BIB); VD (f; BIB); Vomiting (f; PH2); Water Retention
(f; BIB; DEP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Almond) — “Hazards and/or side effects not
known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage!
JAD). Ten bitter almonds said to be fatal to children, 60 to an adult (PH2). Of U.S. citizens, 0.5%
show sensitivity to tree nuts, 0.6% to peanuts, and an additional 0.3% allergic to nuts but not
specifying or differentiating between tree nut and peanut allergy.

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ALLSPICE (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.)

ALLSPICE (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.) ++

Synonyms — Myrtus dioica L., M. pimenta L., P. officinalis Lindl., P. pimenta (L.) H. Karst.,
P. vulgaris Lindl.
Activities (Allspice) — Analgesic (1; CRC; FNF; PH2); Anesthetic (1; APA; RIN); Anticonvulsant
(1; APA); Antioxidant (1; APA; CRC); Antipyretic (f; JFM); Antiseptic (1; APA; PH2);
Antispasmodic (f; APA); Antiviral (1; APA); Candidicide (1; APA); Carminative (1; APA; CRC;
JFM); CNS-Depressant (1; APA); Depurative (f; CRC; JFM); Digestive (1; APA); Fungicide (1;
AAB; APA; CRC); Hypotensive (1; ABS); Irritant (1; PH2); Larvicide (1; APA); Parasiticide (1;
APA); Rubefacient (1; PH2); Stimulant (f; CRC; HHB); Stomachic (f; CRC; JFM); Tonic (f;
CRC; HHB).
Indications (Allspice) — Arthrosis (1; RIN); Athlete’s Foot (1; AAB); Bacteria (1; APA);
Bruise (f; CRC); Candida (1; APA); Cold (f; CRC); Colic (1; APA); Convulsion (1; APA); Corn
(f; CRC; JLH); Cramp (1; AAB; APA); Diabetes (f; CRC; JFM); Diarrhea (f; APA); Dysmenorrhea
(1; AAB; CRC; JFM); Dyspepsia (f; AAB; APA; CRC); Enterosis (f; APA); Fatigue (1;
AAB); Fever (f; JFM); Fungus (1; AAB; APA; CRC); Gas (1; AAB; APA; CRC; JFM);
Gingivosis (1; APA); High Blood Pressure (1; ABS); Infection (1; AAB; APA; CRC); Myalgia
(1; APA); Mycosis (1; AAB; APA; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Pain (1; AAB; APA; CRC; FNF;
PH2; RIN); Parasite (1; APA); Rheumatism (1; AAB; CRC); Stomachache (1; APA; CRC);
Stomatosis (1; APA); Toothache (1; APA); Vaginosis (1; APA); Virus (1; APA); Vomiting (1;
APA; FNF); Yeast (1; APA).
Dosages (Allspice) — 1–2 tsp herb/cup water 3 ×/day (APA); 4–6 fruits/cup water as stimulant
(JFM); 0.5–2 g powdered fruit (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PNC); 0.05–0.2 ml EO (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Allspice) — Class 1 (AHP). Not covered
(KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).
Extracts (Allspice) — Rinzler recounts a study of 408 patients with eczema in which 19 reacted
positively to allspice patch tests (RIN). “The berries, their oil, and the eugenol extract promote the
activity of the digestive enzyme trypsin, which may help explain why allspice has traditionally
been used as a digestive aid” (APA). Perhaps second only to some varieties of clove (up to 20%
eugenol) and cinnamon (to 3.8%), allspice (to 3.6% eugenol) is a major source of eugenol.

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ALKANET, ALKANNA, DYER’S ALKANET (Alkanna tinctoria Tausch) X

ALKANET, ALKANNA, DYER’S ALKANET
(Alkanna tinctoria Tausch) X

Synonyms — A. lehmanii (Tineo) A. DC., A. tuberculata (Forssk.) Meikle, Anchusa bracteolata
Viv., A. tuberculata Forssk., Lithospermum lehmanii Tineo
Activities (Alkanet) — Amebicide (1; FNF); Antibacterial (1; PHR); Antiseptic (1; PH2; PNC);
Astringent (1; LAF; PNC); Candidicide (1; PHR; PH2); Carcinogenic (1; FNF; PHR; PH2); CNSDepressant
(1; FNF); Curare (1; FNF); Emollient (f; EFS); Genotoxic (1; CAN; FNF); Hepatotoxic
(1; CAN; PHR; PH2); Immunomodulator (1; LAF); Immunosuppressant (1; LAF); Neurotoxic (1;
FNF); Paralytic (1; FNF); Vulnerary (f; BIS; PNC).
Indications (Alkanet) — Abscess (f; LAF); Ameba (1; FNF); Bacteria (1; PH2); Burn (1; FNF);
Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Candida (1; PHR; PH2); Decubitis (1; FNF);
Dermatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (f; PHR; PH2); EBV (1; FNF); Indolent Ulcer (1; PH2; PNC);
Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (1; FNF); Leukemia (1; FNF); Snakebite (f; PNC); Sore (1;
LAF); Staphylococcus (1; PH2); Ulcus cruris (2; PHR); Uterosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; FNF); Wound
(1; PH2); Yeast (1; PHR; PH2).
Dosages (Alkanet) — No more than 0.1 μg pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1.2 necine framework and
their N-oxides (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alkanet) — AHP Class 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d. Longterm
use discouraged. Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Effective July 1996, the AHP Board
of Trustees recommends that all products with botanical ingredient(s) that contain toxic PAs,
including Borago officinalis, display the following cautionary statement on the label: “For external
use only. Do not apply to broken or abraded skin. Do not use when nursing” (AHP). PAs are
genotoxic, carcinogenic, and hepatotoxic (CAN). Due to the PAs, alkanet use in pregnancy and
lactation is to be avoided (JAD). Consolicine & Consolidine: CNS-Paralytic (3 × cynoglossine)
(PHR). Dietary alkannin for 15 weeks at 1% of diet nontoxic in mice (LAF). Shikonin immunomodulatory
at low doses, immunosuppressant at high doses.

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ALISMA (Alisma plantago-aquatica L.)

ALISMA (Alisma plantago-aquatica L.) +

Synonym — Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz.
Activities (Alisma) — Antidote, opium (f; WO2); Antipyretic (f; DAA); Astringent (f; GMH;
LMP); Diaphoretic (f; DAA; GMH); Diuretic (2; DAA; FAD; GMH; WO3); Hemostat (f; GMH);
Hepatoprotective (1; PEP; WO3); Hypocholesterolemic (f; PEP; PH2); Hypoglycemic (f; PEP;
PH2); Hypotensive (1; PH2; WO3); Irritant (1; FAD); Lactagogue (f; LMP); Lipotropic (f; PEP);
Litholytic (f; WO2); Natriuretic (f; PEP); Rubefacient (1; FAD); Sterilant (f; DAA); Stomachic (f;
LMP); Tonic (f; LMP); Vulnerary (f; WO2).
Indications (Alisma) — Aphrodisiac (f; DAA); Ascites (f; DAA); Back (f; DEM); Beriberi (f;
DAA); Bleeding (f; GMH); Bruise (f; FAD; GMH; WO2); Calculus (f; GMH); Cancer (f; WO2);
Cancer, stomach (f; WO2); Cardiopathy (f; DEM); Catarrh (f; FAD); Childbirth (f; DEM);
Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Chyluria (f; DAA); Constipation (f; DEM); Cramp (f; DEM); Cystosis
(f; DAA); Debility (f; DEM); Diabetes (f; DAA; LMP); Diarrhea (f; FAD); Dropsy (f; DAA;
LMP); Dysentery (f; GMH; WO2); Dysuria (1; DAA; FAD); Edema (1; DAA; FAD); Enterosis
(f; DAA); Epilepsy (f; GMH); Fever (f; DAA; GMH); Flu (f; DEM); Frigidity (f; DAA); Gastrosis
(f; DEM; WO2); Gonorrhea (f; DAA); Gout (f; WO2); Gravel (f; FAD; GMH); Heartburn (f;

DEM); Hematuria (f; DAA); Hepatosis (1; WO3); High Blood Pressure (1; PH2; WO3); High
Cholesterol (f; PEP; PH2); Hydrophobia (f; WO2); Hyperglycemia (f; PEP; PH2); Induration (f;
WO2); Infertility (f; DAA); Inflammation (f; WO2); Kidney Stone (f; DAA); Leprosy (f; DAA);
Leukemia (f; WO2); Nephrosis (f; DAA); Obesity (f; PEP); Polyuria (f; DAA); Rhinosis (f;
FAD); Snakebite (f; GMH); Sore (f; WO2); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stone (f; DAA; WO2);
Swelling (f; DAA; FAD; GMH); Toothache (f; WO2); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Urethrosis (f;
PHR); UTI (f; PHR; WO3); VD (f; DAA; LMP); Venosis (f; DEM); Vertigo (f; WO3); Water
Retention (2; DAA; FAD; GMH; WO3); Wound (f; FAD; WO2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alisma) — Class 2d. Prolonged use may
cause GI irritation and gastroenterosis (AHP). Doses 20–40 times higher than clinical dose
hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic in rats (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper
therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Rhizome,
most often used as a diuretic, should not be used when there is a clear, thin vaginal discharge.
May cause more than usual excretion of sodium and urea in healthy subjects (TMA). LD50
= >4 g/kg orl mouse (LMP).

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ALBIZZIA, SIRIS (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.)

ALBIZZIA, SIRIS (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.) +

Synonyms — Acacia lebbek (L.) Willd., Mimosa lebbeck L.
Activities (Albizzia) — Antiallergic (2; KEB); Antianaphylactic (1; KEB); Antiasthmatic (2; KEB);
Antibacterial (1; KEB); Antibronchitic (1; KEB); Antihistaminic (1; KEB); Antiseptic (1; KEB);
Antispasmodic (1; KEB); Antitubercular (f; WO2); Astringent (f; WO2); Cardiotonic (f; KEB);
Fungicide (1; KEB); Hypocholesterolemic (2; KEB); Insecticide (f; WO2); Mast-Cell Stabilizer
(1; KEB); Positive Inotropic (2; KEB); Tonic (f; WO2).
Indications (Albizzia) — Allergy (2; KEB); Anaphylaxis (1; KEB); Asthma (2; KEB); Bacteria
(1; KEB); Boil (f; SKJ); Bronchosis (f; WO2; KEB); Carbuncle (f; SKJ); Cramp (1; KEB);
Dermatosis (1; KEB); Diarrhea (f; SKJ); Dysentery (f; SKJ); Eczema (2; KEB); Fungus (1; KEB);
Gingivosis (f; SKJ); Gonorrhea (f; SKJ); Hemorrhoid (f; SKJ); High Cholesterol (2; KEB); Infection
(1; KEB); Leprosy (f; WO2); Mycosis (1; KEB); Nephrosis (2; KEB); Night Blindness (f; SKJ);
Swelling (f; SKJ); Urticaria (2; KEB).
Dosages (Albizzia) — 3–6 ml/day (1:2 liquid extract) (KEB).

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AKEE APPLES, SESO VEGETAL, ACKEE (Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig) X

AKEE APPLES, SESO VEGETAL, ACKEE
(Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig) X

Synonym — Cupania sapida J. Voigt
Activities (Akee Apples) — Analgesic (f; CRC); Antidote (f; CRC); Antiemetic (f; CRC); Antipyretic
(f; CRC); Poison (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC); Vulnerary (f; CRC).
Indications (Akee Apples) — Cancer, breast (f; CRC); Cancer, testicle (f; CRC); Cold (f; CRC);
Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Dysentery (f; CRC); Edema (f; CRC); Epilepsy (f; CRC); Fever (f;
CRC); Migraine (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Orchosis (f; CRC); Pain (f; CRC); Pyorrhea
(f; CRC); Smallpox (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; CRC); Vomiting (f;
CRC); Yaws (f; CRC); Yellow Fever (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Akee Apples) — Used as a fish poison.
Contains the potentially useful but toxic hypoglycemic agents, cyclopropanoid amino acids,
hypoglycin A, and hypoglycin B. Akee poisoning has been reported to be fatal in 2 hours. The
bitter reddish raphe should be picked out as the fruit opens on the tree. Damaged, unripe, or
fallen fruits should not be eaten. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, a quiescent period with
drowsiness and sleep, followed 3 or 4 hours later with intense vomiting, and lastly, convulsions,
coma, and death.

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AJOWAN, BISHOP’S WEED (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill.)

AJOWAN, BISHOP’S WEED
(Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill.)

Synonyms — Ammi copticum L., Carum ajowan ined., Carum copticum (L.) C. B. Clarke, Sison
ammi L., T. copticum (L.) Link
Activities (Ajowan) — Antioxidant (1; WOI); Antipyretic (f; KAB); Antiseptic (f; DEP);
Antispasmodic (f; KAB; SUW); Aperitif (f; KAB); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Bitter (f; KAB);
Cardiodepressant (1; WOI); Carminative (f; KAB; SUW); Catabolic (f; MBB); Detoxicant (f;
MBB); Diaphoretic (f; MBB); Diuretic (f; KAB; SUW); Emmenagogue (f; KAB); Expectorant
(f; KAB); Fungicide (1; WOI); Gastrorelaxant (1; MPI); Gastrostimulant (1; MPI); Hypotensive
(1; WOI); Lactagogue (f; KAB); Laxative (f; KAB); Litholytic (f; MBB); Parasympathomimetic
(1; WOI); Sialagogue (f; DEP); Spasmogenic (1; MPI); Stimulant (f; KAB; SUW); Stomachic
(f; KAB); Tonic (f; KAB; SUW); Vermifuge (1; KAB).
Indications (Ajowan) — Anorexia (f; KAB); Arthrosis (f; MBB); Ascites (f; KAB); Asthma
(f; MBB; WOI); Atony (f; KAB); Bacteria (1; WOI); Boil (f; KAB); Bronchosis (f; MBB;
WOI); Cachexia (f; SKJ); Cancer (f; KAB); Cancer, abdomen (f; KAB); Cardiopathy (f; KAB);
Cholera (f; DEP; KAB); Cold (f; DEP); Colic (f; DEP; SUW); Congestion (f; MBB); Cough
(f; KAB; MBB; WOI); Cramp (f; DEP; KAB; SUW); Debility (f; KAB); Diarrhea (f; KAB);
Dipsomania (f; DEP); Dyspepsia (f; DEP; KAB; SUW); Edema (f; MBB); Emphysema (f;
WOI); Enterosis (f; KAB); Epilepsy (f; SKJ); Escherichia (1; WOI); Fever (f; KAB; MBB);
Flu (f; MBB); Fungus (1; WOI); Gas (f; KAB; SUW); Gastrosis (f; KAB); Hemorrhoid (f;
KAB); Hepatosis (f; KAB); Hiccup (f; KAB); High Blood Pressure (1; WOI); Hysteria (f; DEP);
Infection (1; DEP; WOI); Inflammation (f; KAB); Laryngosis (f; MBB); Mycosis (1; WOI);

Nausea (f; KAB); Nematode (f; KAB); Nephrosis (f; KAB); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Pain (f;
KAB); Paralysis (f; KAB); Pneumonia (f; WOI); Rheumatism (f; DEP); Salmonella (1; WOI);
Sinusosis (f; MBB); Snakebite (f; KAB); Sore (f; SKJ); Sore Throat (f; DEP); Splenosis (f;
KAB); Stone (f; MBB); Syncope (f; DEP); Toothache (f; KAB); VD (f; SKJ); Water Retention
(f; KAB; SUW); Worm (1; KAB; KAP); Wound (f; SKJ).
Dosages (Ajowan) — 3–6 g powdered seed; 125 mg extract (KAP).
Extracts (Ajowan) — EO fungitoxic at 500 ppm (FFJ4(1) 1:1), also spasmogenic (MPI). Rich
in thymol, which could impart many of its biological activities.

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AIR POTATO (Dioscorea bulbifera L.)

AIR POTATO (Dioscorea bulbifera L.)

Synonym — Dioscorea latifolia Benth.
Activities (Air Potato) — Alexeteric (f; DAV); Alterative (f; KAB; KAP); Analgesic (1; TRA);
Anorectic (1; KAP); Antidote (f; DAV); Antiinflammatory (f; DAV); Antipyretic (1; DAA;
DEP; TRA); Antiseptic (f; WBB); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Astringent (f; KAB); Bitter (1; KAB);
Candidicide (f; WBB); Detoxicant (f; DAA); Diuretic (f; DAV; WBB); Expectorant (f; DAA;
KAB); Hemolytic (1; WBB); Hemostat (f; DAV); Hypoglycemic (1; TRA); Lipogenic (f; KAB);
Molluscicide (1; TRA); Piscicide (1; WBB); Stomachic (f; KAB); Tonic (f; KAB); Vermifuge
(f; KAB).
Indications (Air Potato) — Abscess (f; TRA); Anorexia (f; KAB); Asthma (f; KAB); Biliousness
(f; KAB); Bleeding (f; DAV); Boil (f; WBB; DAA); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Cancer (f; DAV; KAB;
JLH); Cancer, cervix (f; DAA); Cancer, colon (f; DAA); Cancer, stomach (f; DAA); Candida (f;
DAA; WBB); Cervisosis (f; JLH); Complexion (f; KAB); Conjunctivosis (f; DAA; WBB);
Diarrhea (f; DAA; WBB); Dysentery (f; DAV; KAP; WBB); Dyspepsia (f; KAB); Dysuria (f;
KAB); Enterosis (f; DAA; KAB); Fever (1; DAA; DAV; DEP; TRA); Gastrosis (f; DAA); Goiter
(f; DAA); Gonorrhea (f; DAA); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB; KAP; WBB); Hernia (f; DAA); Hyperglycemia
(1; TRA); Infection (f; DAA); Inflammation (f; DAA; DAV; TRA); Leukoderma (f;
KAB); Pain (1; KAB; TRA); Snakebite (f; DAA); Sore (f; DAV; KAB; KAP; WBB); Sore Throat
(f; DAA); Strangury (f; KAB); Swelling (f; DAA); Syphilis (f; DAA; DAV; KAP; WBB);
Thyroma (f; DAA); Tumor (f; DAV); VD (f; DAA; KAP); Water Retention (f; DAV; WBB);
Worm (f; KAB); Yeast (f; DAA; WBB).
Dosages (Air Potato) — 6–12 g powdered tuber (KAP).

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ALEXANDRIAN SENNA (Senna alexandrina Mill.) +

ALEXANDRIAN SENNA (Senna alexandrina Mill.) +

Synonyms — Cassia acutifolia Delile, C. angustifolia Vahl, C. lanceolata Forssk., C. senna L.
Activities (Alexandrian Senna) — Antidysenteric (f; WHO); Antileukemic (1; CAN); Antispasmodic
(f; PED); Bitter (f; PED); Carminative (f; WHO); Expectorant (f; WHO); Fungicide
(1; JAD); Hepatoprotective (1; CAN); Laxative (1; BGB; PH2; PIP; SKY); Mutagenic (1;
BGB); Peristaltic (1; PED; WHO).
Indications (Alexandrian Senna) — Anemia (f; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Constipation (2; BGB;
KOM; PH2; PIP; SKY; WHO); Cramp (f; PED); Dermatosis (f; WHO); Dysentery (1; WHO);
Dyspepsia (f; WHO); Enterosis (f; PH2); Fever (f; PH2; WHO); Fungus (1; JAD); Gas (f; WHO);
Gonorrhea (f; WHO); Hemorrhoid (f; BGB; PIP; WHO); Hepatosis (1; CAN; PH2); Infection (1;
JAD); Jaundice (f; PH2); Leukemia (1; CAN); Mycosis (1; JAD); Ringworm (1; JAD); Splenosis
(f; PH2); Typhoid (f; PH2); Wound (f; WHO).
Dosages (Alexandrian Senna) — 0.5–2 g (0.5–1 tsp)/cup water (APA); 1–2 g fruit (WHO);
3–6 alexandrian or 4–12 tinnevelly pods steeped in 150 ml warm water 6–12 hours (CAN);
0.5–2 g dry leaflets (CAN); 1–2 g dry leaf (PED; WHO); 1 g dry leaf:5 ml alcohol/5 ml water
(PED); 0.5–2 ml liquid leaf extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) (CAN); 20–30 mg hydroxyanthracene
derivatives/day calculated as sennoside B (KOM); 2 (25 mg) StX extracts 1–2 ×/day (APA);
10–60 mg sennosides (SKY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alexandrian Senna) — Class 2b, 2c, 2d
(AHP). Commission E and other sources report interaction of anthranoid laxatives (AEH).
Anthranoid-containing laxatives can be habit-forming. Some contain compounds suspected of
being cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and even tumorigenic. Epidemiological studies in
Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives have three times higher rate of colon
carcinoma. One woman developed clubbing of her digits and hypertropic osteoarthropathy

after taking at least three tablets daily for 3 years for weight loss. She also experienced several
months of secondary amenorrhea. Of senna leaf, Blumenthal et al. lists abdominal pain of
unknown origin, acute intestinal inflammation (e.g., Crohn’s disease and colitis ulcerosa), and
appendicitis as contraindications. Because of the anthraquinones, nonstandardized preparations
should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation (CAN). “Anthraquinones may be secreted
into breast milk” (CAN). Should not be used in lactation, pregnancy, or with children under
12 years old (KOM). Occasional cramp-like discomfort of the GI tract may require dosage
reduction (KOM). Side effects with chronic abuse: disturbance of electrolyte balance, especially
hypokalemia (may be exacerbated by simultaneous administration of corticoadrenal
steroids, licorice root, or thiazide diuretics), leading to cardiopathy, muscular weakness especially
with concurrent uses of cardiac glycosides, corticosteroids, or diuretics (KOM). Pigmentation
of the intestinal mucosae (pseudomelanosis coli) is harmless and usually reverses
on discontinuation of the drug. Laxative like this should not be used more than 1–2 weeks
without medical advice (KOM). CAN report anthraquinones are purgative and irritate GI tract.
Also contraindicated in hemorrhoids and nephropathy (CAN), intestinal obstruction, abdominal
pain of unknown causes, any enterosis (appendicitis, colitis, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel
syndrome) hemorrhoids, nephropathy, menstruation (AHP). Do not use more than 8–10 days
(AHP). Do not use this in case of abdominal pain or diarrhea. Consult a health care provider
prior to use in pregnancy or nursing. Discontinue use if diarrhea or watery stools occur. Not
for long term use (AHP). “Some herbal laxative preparations, such as cascara and senna for
example, can cause an increase in the potency of digoxin” (D’epiro, 1997). Pedersen (1998)
cautions against taking the fresh leaf (we have done that in Peru with modest laxative results).
“Senna causes gripping unless taken in combination with carminative herbs such as ginger,
cloves, or various mint species.” Although GRAS, senna can be more habit-forming than
cascara (PED). Lininger et al. (1998) pronounce it “safe for children over the age of six” (half
the adult dose) (SKY). I’d be more cautious.
Extracts (Alexandrian Senna) — Possibly representing a negative case for my synergy
proposition, “The toxicity of total extracts is greater than that of the individual sennosides. It
has been proposed that the laxative and toxic components of senna could be separated” (CAN).
Elsewhere, I have read that the sennosides are synergetic as far as their laxative action is
concerned. But then anomalously, CAN report that sennosides A and B are reported to be most
potent with respect to laxative action, but the least toxic compared to other anthraquinone
fractions. LD50s of sennosides A & B are 4100 mg/kg ivn mus and of rhein-8-glycoside 400
mg/kg ivn mus. All fractions had LD50 = >5000 mg/kg orl rat.

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ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) +

ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) +

Activities (Alfalfa) — Abortifacient (f; MAD); Alterative (f; PED); Antiatherosclerotic (1; APA);
Antibacterial (1; CRC; WOI); Antiinflammatory (f; APA); Antipyretic (f; PED); Antiscorbutic
(1; CRC); Antispasmodic (f; PED); Antithrombic (f; PED); Aperitif (f; CRC; SKY); Bitter (f;
PED); Cardiotonic (f; CRC); Choleretic (1; PNC); Cyanogenic (f; CRC); Deobstruent (f; CRC);
Depurative (f; CRC; PED); Digestive (1; PED); Diuretic (1; CRC; PED; PH2); Ecbolic (f; CRC);
Emetic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (1; CRC; FNF; UPW); Estrogenic (1; CRC; FAD; SKY);
Fungicide (1; FAD); Hemolytic (f; APA); Hemostat (f; FAD); Hypocholesterolemic (f; CAN;
PED); Hypoglycemic (f; PED); Lactagogue (1; CRC; FNF; UPW); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic
(f; CRC; PED); Tonic (f; CRC; PED).
Indications (Alfalfa) — Alcoholism (f; FAD); Allergy (f; APA); Anorexia (f; CRC; FAD; SKY);
Arthrosis (f; APA; CRC; FAD; MAD); Asthma (f; APA); Atherosclerosis (1; APA); Bacteria (1;
CRC; FNF; WOI); Bleeding (f; FAD); Blood Clot (f; APA; PED); Boil (f; CRC); Cancer (f;
FAD; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; APA); Cough (f; CRC); Cramp (f; PED); Debility (1; CAN);
Diabetes (1; APA; CAN; FAD; MAD; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Dysuria (f; CRC; PED);
Enterosis (f; CRC); ERT (1; FAD; FNF; SKY); Fever (f; CRC; PED); Fungus (1; FAD); Gall
Bladder (1; PNC); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Gravel (f; CRC); Halitosis (1; FNF); High Cholesterol
(1; APA; CAN; PED; PNC); Hyperglycemia (f; PED); Hypoprothrombinaemic Purpura (1; CAN);
Indigestion (1; PED); Induration (f; MAD); Infection (1; FAD); Inflammation (f; APA); Mycosis
(1; FAD); Myxedema (f; MAD); Nephrosis (f; APA; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; MAD); Otosis (f;
DEM); Poor Milk Supply (1; FAD; FNF); Prostatosis (1; APA; FNF); Rheumatism (f; PED;
MAD); Swelling (f; MAD); Thrombosis (f; PED); Thyroidosis (f; PHR; PH2); Water Retention
(1; CRC; PED; PH2); Wound (f; MAD); Yeast (1; CAN).

Dosages (Alfalfa) — 1–2 tsp dry leaf/cup water 3 ×/day (APA); 5–10 g/herb/day (CAN); 6–12
g/dry herb/day (PED); 5–10 ml tincture (1:1 in 25% alcohol) 3 ×/day (CAN); 15–30 drops tincture
4 ×/day (SF2); 3–4 (370 mg) capsules 3 ×/day (NH); 1–2 (500 mg) capsules/day (SF); 8–9 (400–500
mg) capsules/day (SF2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alfalfa) — Class 1 (AHP). PHR is too
kind with their usual template. None known with proper dosage (which they don’t define) (PH2).
Stachydrine and l-homostachydrine, in the seeds, may be emmenagogue and lactogenic. One
patient died from listerosis after ingesting contaminated alfalfa tablets (LRNP, March 1991).
Seeds and/or sprouts may contain 13,000 ppm canavanine, which may be implicated in hypocomplementenemia,
lupus, and pancytopenia. Canavanine, a toxic amino acid, may cause
systemic lupus erythematosus syndrome (CAN). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like
manifestations, skin reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances, raised serum urate levels are symptoms
that have been associated with alfalfa use in humans. Seeds should not be ingested during
pregnancy or lactation (CAN). May cause stomach upset and diarrhea. Believed by some
herbalists to be helpful in delaying absorption of cholesterol and dissolving plaque deposits on
arterial walls (TMA). Consumption of alfalfa tablets contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes
was linked to a fatal case of listerosis. One case of allergic reaction (from contamination with
grass pollen) in alfalfa tablets has been reported (SF2). Flatulence, abdominal discomfort, loose
stools, diarrhea, and loss of appetite may result from ingesting large amounts of alfalfa seeds
(120 g/day).
Extracts (Alfalfa) — Purines in seeds may raise mean serum urate levels (AEH). Porphyrins may
photosensitize (PNC). Saponins decrease plasma cholesterol without changing HDL cholesterol,
decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol, increase excretion of neutral steroids and bile acids,
and prevent atherosclerosis. Saponins hemolytic, may interfere with vitamin E utilization. Root
saponins, selectively antiyeast and fungicide, also hypocholesterolemic, in monkeys (CAN). “Saponin
contents act on the cardiovascular, nervous and digestive systems” (PHR). Alfalfa sprouts, not
recommended, contain trace of COX-2 inhibitor apigenin (70 ppm ZMB) (COX). Forty g heattreated
alfalfa seed, 3 ×/day/8 weeks, helped normalize serum cholesterol concentrations in Type
2 hyperlipoproteinanemia. Alfalfa extracts, possibly due to the high manganese content, may reduce
blood sugar, but only in patients with inability to use their stored manganese (CAN).

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ALLSPICE (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.)

ALLSPICE (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.) ++

Synonyms — Myrtus dioica L., M. pimenta L., P. officinalis Lindl., P. pimenta (L.) H. Karst.,
P. vulgaris Lindl.
Activities (Allspice) — Analgesic (1; CRC; FNF; PH2); Anesthetic (1; APA; RIN); Anticonvulsant
(1; APA); Antioxidant (1; APA; CRC); Antipyretic (f; JFM); Antiseptic (1; APA; PH2);
Antispasmodic (f; APA); Antiviral (1; APA); Candidicide (1; APA); Carminative (1; APA; CRC;
JFM); CNS-Depressant (1; APA); Depurative (f; CRC; JFM); Digestive (1; APA); Fungicide (1;
AAB; APA; CRC); Hypotensive (1; ABS); Irritant (1; PH2); Larvicide (1; APA); Parasiticide (1;
APA); Rubefacient (1; PH2); Stimulant (f; CRC; HHB); Stomachic (f; CRC; JFM); Tonic (f;
CRC; HHB).
Indications (Allspice) — Arthrosis (1; RIN); Athlete’s Foot (1; AAB); Bacteria (1; APA);
Bruise (f; CRC); Candida (1; APA); Cold (f; CRC); Colic (1; APA); Convulsion (1; APA); Corn
(f; CRC; JLH); Cramp (1; AAB; APA); Diabetes (f; CRC; JFM); Diarrhea (f; APA); Dysmenorrhea
(1; AAB; CRC; JFM); Dyspepsia (f; AAB; APA; CRC); Enterosis (f; APA); Fatigue (1;
AAB); Fever (f; JFM); Fungus (1; AAB; APA; CRC); Gas (1; AAB; APA; CRC; JFM);
Gingivosis (1; APA); High Blood Pressure (1; ABS); Infection (1; AAB; APA; CRC); Myalgia
(1; APA); Mycosis (1; AAB; APA; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Pain (1; AAB; APA; CRC; FNF;
PH2; RIN); Parasite (1; APA); Rheumatism (1; AAB; CRC); Stomachache (1; APA; CRC);
Stomatosis (1; APA); Toothache (1; APA); Vaginosis (1; APA); Virus (1; APA); Vomiting (1;
APA; FNF); Yeast (1; APA).
Dosages (Allspice) — 1–2 tsp herb/cup water 3 ×/day (APA); 4–6 fruits/cup water as stimulant
(JFM); 0.5–2 g powdered fruit (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PNC); 0.05–0.2 ml EO (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Allspice) — Class 1 (AHP). Not covered
(KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).
Extracts (Allspice) — Rinzler recounts a study of 408 patients with eczema in which 19 reacted
positively to allspice patch tests (RIN). “The berries, their oil, and the eugenol extract promote the
activity of the digestive enzyme trypsin, which may help explain why allspice has traditionally
been used as a digestive aid” (APA). Perhaps second only to some varieties of clove (up to 20%
eugenol) and cinnamon (to 3.8%), allspice (to 3.6% eugenol) is a major source of eugenol

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AIR PLANT, TREE OF LIFE (Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken) +

AIR PLANT, TREE OF LIFE (Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken) +

Synonym — Kalanchoe pinnata Pers.
Activities (Air Plant) — Analgesic (1; TRA); Antiaggregant (1; TRA); Antibacterial (1; TRA);
Anticancer (1; AAB); Antiedemic (1; TRA); Antiinflammatory (1; AAB; TRA); Antiplaque (1;
TRA); Antiprostaglandin (1; TRA); Antiseptic (1; TRA); Antispasmodic (1; TRA); Antitussive (1;
TRA); Choleretic (1; TRA); Cicatrizant (1; TRA); Cytotoxic (1; TRA); Diuretic (1; TRA); Emollient
(f; JFM); Expectorant (f; JFM); Fungicide (1; AAB; TRA); Hemostat (f; JFM); Immunomodulator
(1; TRA); Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor (1; TRA); Panacea (f; AAB); Spasmogenic (1; TRA); Vasoconstrictor
(1; TRA); Vulnerary (f; JFM).
Indications (Air Plant) — Athlete’s Foot (1; AAB); Bacteria (1; TRA); Bleeding (f; JFM);
Boil (f; JFM); Bronchosis (f; IED); Bruise (f; AAB; JFM); Bug Bite (f; JFM); Cancer (1;
AAB); Cold (f; TRA); Colitis (1; TRA); Congestion (f; JFM); Conjunctivosis (f; JFM); Cough
(f; TRA); Cramp (1; TRA); Debility (f; AAB); Dermatosis (f; JFM); Dysmenorrhea (1; TRA);
Dysuria (f; JFM); Enterosis (1; IED; TRA); Fever (f; IED); Flu (f; AAB); Fracture (f; IED);
Fungus (1; AAB; TRA); Gonorrhea (f; JFM); Headache (f; IED; JFM; TRA); Heartburn (f;
IED); Infection (1; AAB; JFM; TRA); Inflammation (1; AAB; TRA); Mastosis (f; AAB);
Migraine (f; IED); Mycosis (1; AAB; TRA); Ophthalmia (f; JFM); Otosis (f; JFM); Pain (1;
TRA); Pulmonosis (f; JFM); Sore (1; TRA); Sore Throat (f; AAB); Sprain (f; AAB); Swelling
(1; AAB; TRA); Urethrosis (f; JFM); VD (f; JFM); Water Retention (1; TRA); Wound (1;
AAB; TRA).
Dosages (Air Plant) — 10 g leaf applied to forehead for headache (TRA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Air Plant) — Do not use more than 15 days
in a row. Not for pregnant, puerperal, or lactating mothers or small children (TRA).

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AGRIMONY (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) ++

AGRIMONY (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) ++

Activities (Agrimony) — Aggregant (1; CRC; PH2; ZUL); Antibacterial (1; FNF); Antidiabetic
(1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; BIS); Antipyretic (1; CRC); Antiseptic (1; APA); Astringent
(2; APA; KOM); Antiviral (1; APA; PNC); Candidicide (1; APA); Cholagogue (1; PNC);
Depurative (f; CRC); Diuretic (1; PNC); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Fungicide (1; APA); Hemostat
(1; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; APA); Litholytic (f; CRC); Sedative (f; CRC); Stomachic (f;
WBB); Tonic (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Uricolytic (1; CAN); Vermifuge (1; CRC; WBB; ZUL);
Vulnerary (f; CRC).
Indications (Agrimony) — Acne (f; CRC); Anthrax (f; WBB; ZUL); Asthma (f; CRC); Bacteria
(1; FNF; ZUL); Bile (f; ZUL); Bleeding (1; CRC; PH2; ZUL); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Cancer (f;
JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, face (f; JLH); Cancer, ganglion
(f; JLH); Cancer, groin (f; JLH); Cancer, joint (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, liver
(f; JLH); Cancer, sinew (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer,
uterus (f; JLH); Candida (1; APA); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; APA); Cholelithiasis
(f; ZUL); Cholestasis (f; PH2); Cold (f; CRC; WBB); Condyloma (f; CRC; JLH); Congestion
(f; APA); Corn (f; CRC; JLH); Cystosis (f; JLH); Decubitis (f; CRC); Dermatosis (2; APA; CAN;
KOM); Diabetes (1; APA); Diarrhea (2; APA; FAD; KOM); Dysentery (1; FNF); Dyspepsia (1;
CAN; KOM); Eczema (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; CRC; PH2); Enuresis (f; PH2); Eruption (f; CRC);
Fever (1; CRC; FAD); Fungus (1; APA); Gastrosis (f; CAN; KOM); Gastroduodenosis (f; CAN);
Gastroenterosis (1; APA; BIS); Gout (f; CRC; FAD); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; APA); Hematuria (1;
CRC); Hepatosis (f; APA; FAD; JLH; WO3); Hyperglycemia (1; APA); Icterus (f; ZUL); Infection
(1; APA); Inflammation (1; BIS); Insomnia (f; CRC); Jaundice (f; CRC); Kernel (f; JLH); Kidney
Stone (f; APA); Metrorrhagia (1; CRC); Mucososis (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Mycosis (1; APA);
Nephrosis (f; JLH; PH2); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Neurosis (f; CRC);
Porphyria (f; CAN); Pharyngosis (2; FAD; KOM; PHR; PH2); Psoriasis (f; PH2); Rash (1; APA);
Rheumatism (f; CRC); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sclerosis (f; CRC); Scrotum (f; CRC); Seborrhea (f;
PH2); Sinew (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (1; APA; JLH); Sore Throat (1; APA; CRC);

Splenosis (f; CRC; JLH); Stomatosis (2; KOM; PHR); Stone (f; CRC); Tuberculosis (f; CRC;
ZUL); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (1; APA); Uterosis (f; JLH); Varicosis (1; APA); Virus (1; APA;
PNC); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Water Retention (1; PNC); Worm (1; CRC; FAD; PH2; WBB; ZUL);
Wound (1; APA; JLH; PH2); Yeast (1; APA).
Dosages (Agrimony) — 3 g herb (KOM; PHR); 3–6 g herb (APA); 1–1.5 g (BIS); 2–4 g 3 ×/day
(CAN); 1 tsp herb/cup water (RFW); 1–3 ml extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN); 2–4 ml
liquid herb extract (PNC); 1–4 ml tincture (1:5) in 45% alcohol 3 ×/day (CAN).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Agrimony) — Class 1 (AHP). None
known (Kom; PHR). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages”
(PH2). Excessive doses may interact with anticoagulant, hypotensive, and hypertensive therapies.
As with other tannin-rich herbs, “excessive use” should be avoided. In view of the lack
of toxicity data, use of agrimony should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation. Reportedly
affects the menstrual cycle (CAN).
Extracts (Agrimony) — Uricolytic activity demonstrated for 15% infusions ED = 20 ml/kg orl
rat (equivalent to 3 g dry drug); hypotensive (ivn cat); bactericidal against Staphylococcus and
Streptococcus. The tannin constituent agrimoniin (from A. pilosa) has antitumor activity, perhaps
via immunostimulant activity (CAN). Aqueous extracts inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in
vitro, and ethanolic extracts show antiviral activity (PNC). Twenty cutaneous porphyria patients
successfully treated with agrimony infusions. Chinese research indicates agrimony increases blood
coagulability ~50% (CAN).

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AGAR (Gelidium amansii) ++

AGAR (Gelidium amansii) ++

Activities (Agar) — Laxative (1; PH2); Peristaltic (1; PH2).
Indications (Agar) — Constipation (1; PH2).
Dosages (Agar) — 4–16 g 1–2 ×/day (AHP); 4–16 g in 1–4 doses (HHB); 1–2 tsp powdered agar,
always with liquid, 1–3 ×/day (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Agar) — Class 2d. Take with at least 250
ml (8 oz liquid); contraindicated in bowel obstruction (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not
known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

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AGA, FLY AGARIC (Amanita muscaria) X

AGA, FLY AGARIC (Amanita muscaria) X

Activities (Aga) — GABA-Antagonist (1; PH2); Hallucinogen (1; PH2); Paralytic (1; PH2);
Psychotropic (1; PH2); Stimulant (1; PH2); Toxic (1; PH2).

Indications (Aga) — Anxiety (f; PH2); Arthrosis (f; PH2); Intoxication (f; PH2); Neuralgia (f;
PH2); Pain (f; PH2).
Dosages (Aga) — Don’t take it (JAD).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Aga) — Signs of intoxication include
confusion, cramps, dizziness, enteralgia, mania, psychostimulation, then sedation vomiting
(PH2).

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AFRICAN WORMWOOD (Artemisia afra Jacq.) +

AFRICAN WORMWOOD (Artemisia afra Jacq.) +

Activities (African Wormwood) — Analgesic (1; VVG; ZUL); Analeptic (1; VVG); Antibacterial
(1; VVG); Antihistaminic (1; ZUL); Antiinflammatory (1; VVG); Antiitch (1; VVG); Antiseptic (1;
VVG); Carminative (1; VVG); Decongestant (f; VVG); Depurative (f; ZUL); Emetic (f; VVG);
Narcotic (1; VVG; ZUL); Stimulant (1; VVG).
Indications (African Wormwood) — Acne (1; ZUL); Anorexia (f; VVG; ZUL); Bacteria (1;
VVG); Boil (1; ZUL); Cardiopathy (1; VVG); Childbirth (f; ZUL); Chill (f; ZUL); Cold (1; VVG;
ZUL); Colic (f; ZUL); Constipation (1; ZUL); Croup (f; ZUL); Diabetes (f; ZUL); Dyspepsia (f;
ZUL); Enterosis (f; ZUL); Fever (1; VVG; ZUL); Flu (f; VVG); Gas (1; VVG); Gastrosis (f; ZUL);
Gout (f; ZUL); Headache (f; VVG); Hemorrhoid (f; ZUL); Inflammation (1; VVG); Itch (1; VVG);
Malaria (1; VVG; ZUL); Measles (f; ZUL); Mumps (f; ZUL); Otosis (f; VVG; ZUL); Pain (1;
VVG; ZUL); Pertussis (f; ZUL); Pneumonia (1; VVG; ZUL); Sore Throat (f; ZUL); Sprain (f;
ZUL); Toothache (f; ZUL); Worm (1; VVG; ZUL).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (African Wormwood) — One tbsp EO (essential
oil) severely poisoned a worker, similar to thujone poisoning (ZUL).

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