Slide Title 1

Aenean quis facilisis massa. Cras justo odio, scelerisque nec dignissim quis, cursus a odio. Duis ut dui vel purus aliquet tristique.

Slide Title 2

Morbi quis tellus eu turpis lacinia pharetra non eget lectus. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Donec.

Slide Title 3

In ornare lacus sit amet est aliquet ac tincidunt tellus semper. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.

Wednesday, August 29, 2012

BLACK CURRANT LEAF (Ribes nigrum L.)

BLACK CURRANT LEAF (Ribes nigrum L.)

Synonym — Ribes nigrum var. chlorocarpum Späth.
Activities (Black Currant Leaf) — Analgesic (f; KAB); Antiexudative (1; PH2); Antiinflammatory
(1; APA); Antiprostaglandin (1; PH2); Astringent (f; APA); Diaphoretic (f; EFS); Diuretic (1; EFS;
PH2); Fungicide (1; APA); Hypotensive (1; PH2; PNC); Saluretic (1; PH2).
Indications (Black Currant Leaf) — Arthrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Bite (f; PH2); Bladder Stone (f;
PHR; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cold (f; PHR; PH2); Colic (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Convulsion (f;
PHR; PH2); Cough (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (f; PHR; PH2); Dropsy (f; KAB); Dysuria (f;
PHR; PH2); Fever (f; EFS); Fungus (1; APA); Gout (f; KAB; HHB; PHR; PH2); Hepatosis (f;
PHR; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; PH2; PNC); Hoarseness (f; PNC); Infection (1; APA);
Inflammation (1; APA; KAB; PH2; PNC); Jaundice (f; PH2); Migraine (f; HHB); Mycosis (1;
APA); Nephrosis (f; KAB); Pain (f; KAB); Pertussis (f; PHR; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; PHR; PH2);
Rheumatism (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Sore Throat (f; PHR; PH2; PNC); Stomatosis (f; PHR); Stone
(f; PH2); Water Retention (1; EFS; HHB; PH2); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (Black Currant Leaf) — 1–2 tsp (2-4 g) leaf/150 ml boiling water, strain after 10 minutes,
3–4 ×/day (APA; PHR; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Currant Leaf) — Not covered (CAN).
Leaves not covered (AHP). Not covered by Commission E (KOM). Leaves contraindicated in edema
stemming from reduced cardiac or renal activity (PHR; PH2). “A salidiuretic effect is attributed to
the drug through a ‘diuretic’ factor that is not clearly defined” (HOC). That’s the only place I have
seen it called salidiuretic, but I prefer Tyler’s frequent term, saluretic.

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BLACK CURRANT FRUIT (Ribes nigrum L.)

BLACK CURRANT FRUIT (Ribes nigrum L.)

Synonym — Ribes nigrum var. chlorocarpum Späth.
Entries are for fruits rather than seeds; seed oil is a by-product! For leaves, see next entry. Leaves
not generally considered food.
Activities (Black Currant Fruit) — Analgesic (f; SKJ); Angioprotective (1; X3635653); Antialzheimeran
(1; COX; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antibacterial (1; PNC); Anticancer (1; COX; FNF);
Anticholera (1; PNC); Antiinflammatory (1; COX; PNC); Antipyretic (f; PNC); Antisecretory (1; PNC);
Antiseptic (1; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; PH2; PNC); Astringent (1; APA); Depurative (f; EFS); Diaphoretic
(f; EFS; FEL); Digestive (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS; PNC); Hypotensive (1; PH2; PNC);
Lipoperoxidase-Inhibitor (1; PH2); Vasoprotective (1; PNC); Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor (1; PH2).
Indications (Black Currant Fruit) — Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Angina (f; HHB); Arthrosis (1;
COX; FNF); Bacteria (1; FNF; PNC); Bruise (f; PH2); Calculus (f; FEL); Cancer (1; COX; FEL;
FNF); Cardiopathy (f; PNC); Chill (1; APA); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Cholera (1; FNF; PNC); Cold
(1; APA; PHR; PH2); Colic (f; HHB); Cough (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; PH2; PNC); CVI (f;
PH2); Cystosis (f; PH2); Diarrhea (1; APA; HHB; PH2; PNC); Dropsy (f; FEL); Dysuria (f; HHB);
Felon (f; JLH); Fever (f; EFS; FEL; PNC); Flu (1; APA); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gout (f; HHB);
Hemorrhoid (f; FEL; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; PH2; PNC); Hoarseness (f; FEL; PH2; PNC);

Infection (1; PNC); Inflammation (1; COX; PH2; PNC); Mucososis (f; PH2); Pain (f; SKJ); Quinsy
(f; KAB); Rheumatism (f; HHB); Sore Throat (f; KAB; PH2; PNC); Stomachache (f; PHR; PH2);
Stomatosis (f; PH2); Strep Throat (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB; PNC); Wound (f; HHB).
Dosages (Black Currant Fruit) — 600–6000 mg/day; 4 (250 mg) capsules 2 ×/day; 1–2 tsp
chopped leaf, up to several ×/day (APA); 5–10 ml fruit syrup, 1–several ×/day (PHR; PH2); 1
glassful fruit juice/day; gargle with 1 part juice/1 part water (PHR).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Currant Fruit) — Class 1 (AHP). Not
covered by Commission E (KOM). None known (PHR). Not covered (CAN).
Extracts (Black Currant Fruit) — As a major source of the major COX-2 Inhibitor ([+]-catechin),
this might be viewed by enthusiasts as another herbal miracle aspirin (COX). Anthocyanins and
polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium spp. have in vitro antiradical activity
on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude
extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts
exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum
extracts seem to contain more active substances (X1332092).

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BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa L.)

BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa L.)

The prophet Muhammad reportedly recommended black cumin as a “cure-all” to his associates in
Arabia 1400 years ago. It remains one of the most famous medicinal herbs in the Muslim world.
Activities (Black Cumin) — Abortifacient (f; BIB; DEP; KAP); Amebicide (1; MPI); Analgesic (1;
HAD); Anesthetic (1; HAD); Antiamphetamine (f; MPI); Antibacterial (1; ABS; HAD; HHB; WOI);
Antibilious (f; BIB; EFS); Anticancer (1; ABS); Antidote, Hg (f; SKJ); Antihistaminic (1; HAD; HHB;
WOI); Antioxidant (1; HAD); Antioxytocic (1; ABS); Antiseptic (1; ABS; WOI); Antispasmodic (1;
HAD; HHB; WOI); Antiviral (1; HAD); Aperitif (f; BIB; HAD); Bronchodilator (1; HAD); Candidicide
(1; ABS); Cardiodepressant (1; MPI); Carminative (1; HHB; MAD; SKJ; SUW; WOI); Chemopreventive
(1; ABS); Choleretic (1; HHB); Cholicomimetic (1; MPI); CNS-Depressant (1; MPI); Contraceptive (f;
HAD); Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor (1; ABS); Digestive (f; BIB); Diaphoretic (f; BIB); Digestive (f; DEP);
Diuretic (f; BIB; EFS; HHB; MAD; SUW; WOI); Emmenagogue (f; BIB; EFS; MAD; SUW; WOI);
Fungicide (1; ABS; MPI); Hepatoprotective (1; HAD); Hypotensive (1; ABS; MPI); Hypouricemic (1;
HHB); Immunostimulant (1; HAD); Insecticide (1; MPI); Insectifuge (1; WOI); Lactagogue (1; BIB;
DEP; EFS; HAD; HHB; MAD; SUW; WOI); Laxative (f; BIB; EFS); 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor (1;
ABS); Pediculicide (f; DEP); Phagocytotic (1; HAD); Protisticide (1; MPI); Respirastimulant (1; ABS;
HAD); Secretagogue (f; DEP); Stimulant (f; EFS); Stomachic (f; DEP; EFS); Taenicide (1; MPI); Tonic
(f; EFS); Toxic (1; HHB); Uterocontractant (f; KAP); Vermifuge (f; BIB; HAD; KAP; MAD).
Indications (Black Cumin) — Achylia (f; MAD); Allergy (f; HAD); Ameba (1; MPI); Amenorrhea
(f; KAP); Anorexia (1; BIB; HAD); Arthrosis (1; HAD); Ascites (f; BIB); Asthma (1; HAD; HHB;
MAD; SKJ; WOI); Bacteria (1; ABS; HAD; HHB; WOI); Biliousness (f; KAP); Bite (f; HAD);
Bronchosis (1; HAD; HHB; WOI); Bronchospasm (1; WOI); Cachexia (f; SKJ); Callus (f; BIB;
JLH); Cancer (1; ABS; BIB; HAD); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH);
Cancer, eye (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, nose (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus
(1; FNF; JLH); Candida (1; ABS); Catarrh (f; DEP; HHB); Childbirth (f; SUW); Cholera (1; MPI);
Cold (f; DEP); Colic (f; BIB); Constipation (f; SKJ); Corn (f; BIB; JLH); Cough (1; SKJ; WOI);
Cramp (1; HAD; HHB; MAD; WOI); Dermatosis (f; HAD; SUW; WOI); Diabetes (1; HAD);
Diarrhea (f; MAD); Dysentery (f; HHB; SKJ); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEP; KAP); Dyspepsia (f; BIB);
Eczema (f; DEP); Emaciation (f; SKJ); Enterosis (f; BIB; MAD); Eruption (f; BIB); Escherichia
(1; KAP; MPI); Fever (1; BIB; MAD; SUW; WOI); Flu (f; BIB); Fungus (1; ABS; HAD; MPI);
Gas (1; HHB; MAD; SKJ; SUW; WOI); Gout (1; HHB); Headache (f; BIB); Hemorrhoid (f; BIB);
Hepatosis (f; BIB; JLH; MAD); High Blood Pressure (1; ABS; MPI); High Cholesterol (1; HAD);

HIV (1; HAD); Hydrophobia (f; BIB); Immunodepression (1; HAD); Induration (f; JLH; MAD);
Infection (1; ABS; HAD; MPI); Inflammation (1; HAD); Jaundice (f; BIB; HHB; MAD); Leprosy
(f; SKJ); Leukorrhea (f; MAD); Lice (f; DEP); Malaria (f; KAP); Mycosis (1; ABS; MPI); Myrmecia
(f; BIB); Nephrosis (f; HAD); Ophthalmia (f; HAD); Orchosis (f; BIB); Pain (1; HAD); Paralysis
(f; BIB); Parasite (1; HAD); PMS (1; HAD); Proctosis (f; SKJ); Prolapse (f; SKJ); Ptyriasis (f;
DEP); Puerperium (1; WOI); Pulmonosis (f; HAD; HHB; MAD); Rhinosis (f; BIB); Salmonella (1;
HAD); Sclerosis (f; BIB); Smallpox (f; SKJ); Snakebite (f; BIB); Sniffles (f; MAD); Splenosis (f;
MAD); Staphylococcus (1; HAD; MPI); Sting (f; HAD; SUW); Stomachache (f; BIB; MAD);
Stomatosis (f; HAD); Swelling (f; BIB); Syphilis (f; SKJ); Tapeworm (1; MPI); Toothache (f; MAD);
Tumor (f; BIB; HAD); Vibrio (1; MPI); Virus (1; HAD); Water Retention (f; BIB; EFS; HHB; MAD;
SUW; WOI); Worm (f; BIB; HAD; KAP; MAD); Wound (f; HAD); Yeast (1; ABS; HAD).
Dosages (Black Cumin) — 0.6–1.2 g seed (HHB; MAD); 1 tsp seed in hot tea (MAD).
Extracts (Black Cumin) — Nigellone protects guinea pigs from histamine-induced bronchospasms
(WOI). LD50 alcoholic extract 540–580 mg/kg ipr mouse (MPI).

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BLACK COHOSH (Actaea racemosa L.)

BLACK COHOSH (Actaea racemosa L.)

Synonym — Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.
Activities (Black Cohosh) — Abortifacient (f; DEM); Alterative (f; CRC; PED); Analgesic (f;
DEM); Antibacterial (f; APA); Antidotal (f; CRC); Antiinflammatory (f; CRC; PNC); Antipyretic
(1; PNC); Antirheumatic (1; MAB; PED); Antiserotonin (1; MAB); Antispasmodic (1; MAB; PED;
PNC); Antitumor-Proliferation (1; MAB); Antitussive (f; CAN; CRC); Antiulcer (1; PNC); Aphrodisiac
(f; CRC); Astringent (1; CRC; DEM; PED); Bitter (1; HHB; PED); CNS-Depressant (1;
PNC); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; PED); Diuretic (f; APA; PED; PNC); Emmenagogue
(1; CRC; PED; PNC); Estrogenic (2; KOM; MAB; PED; PH2); Expectorant (f; APA; CRC;
PED); Hypoglycemic (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Hypotensive (1; APA; MAB; PNC); Immunodepressant
(1; MAB); Lactagogue (f; DEM); Mucolytic (f; APA); Narcotic (f; CRC); Peripheral Vasodilator
(2; CAN; CRC; PNC); Sedative (1; FAD; CAN; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC); Luteinizing-Hormone
Suppressant (2; APA; KOM); Tonic (f; CRC; DEM; HHB); Tranquilizer (f; APA); Uterocontractant
(1; PED); Uterotonic (1; MAB).
Indications (Black Cohosh) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Amenorrhea (1; CRC; MAB); Arthrosis (f;
CAN; CRC; HHB); Asthma (f; MAB); Autoimmune Disease (1; MAB); Backache (f; DEM);
Bacteria (f; APA); Bite (f; PH2); Bronchosis (f; APA; CRC; FAD; PED; PH2); Cancer (1; JLH;
MAB); Cancer, groin (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC); Cancer, tongue (f; JLH); Chorea (f; CAN;
CRC; FAD; HHB; MAB); Neurovegetative Ailment (2; HHB; KOM); Cold (f; DEM); Constipation
(f; DEM); Cough (f; APA; CAN; DEM); Cramp (1; MAB; PED; PNC; SKY); Diabetes (1; APA;

PNC); Diarrhea (1; CRC; DEM; PED); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (2; APA; HHB; KOM;
PH2; SKY); Dyspepsia (f; APA); ERT (2; KOM; MAB; PED); Fatigue (f; DEM); Fever (1; CRC;
FAD; PED; PH2; PNC); Gynecopathy (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; MAB; PNC); Hives
(f; DEM); Hot Flash (1; APA); HRT (2; BGB); Hyperglycemia (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Hysteria (f;
CRC); Inflammation (f; CRC; PNC); Insomnia (1; CAN; CRC; DEM; FAD; PNC); Itch (f; CRC);
Lumbago (1; CRC; FAD; PH2); Malaise (f; BGB; CRC); Malaria (f; BGB; CRC); Mastosis (1;
MAB); Measles (f; PH2); Menopause (2; BGB; MAB; PH2 SHT); Menorrhagia (1; CRC; MAB);
Menstrual Problem (2; SKY); Metastasis (f; JLH); Myalgia (f; CAN); Nephrosis (f; BGB; CRC;
DEM); Nervousness (1; APA; FAD; CAN; CRC); Neuralgia (f; MAB); Nervousness (1; APA;
CRC); Otosis (f; HHB); Pain (f; BGB; DEM; HHB); Parturition (1; CRC; FAD); Pertussis (f; CRC;
MAB; PNC); PMS (2; APA; KOM; PH2); Poor Milk Supply (f; DEM); Rheumatism (1; APA;
BGB; CAN; HHB; MAB; PED; PH2); Sciatica (1; CAN); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Snakebite (f; APA;
CRC; FAD; PH2); Sore Throat (f; APA; BGB; CRC; PH2); Tinnitus (1; CAN; CRC; MAB);
Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Tumor (1; MAB); Ulcer (1; PNC); Uterosis (f; CRC); Water Retention (f;
APA; PED; PNC); Yellow Fever (f; CRC).
Dosages (Black Cohosh) — 40–200 mg/day (APA); 0.5 tsp powdered root/cup water, up to 1 cup/day
(APA); 1 g powdered root 3 ×/day (HHB); 0.3–2 g powdered root (PNC); 0.5–1 g dry root 3–4 ×/day
(MAB); 1.5–3 g dry root (PED); 300–2000 mg dry root (SF); 2 g dry root:10 ml alcohol/10 mg water
(PED); 1–3 tbsp fresh root (PED); 0.3–2 g rhizome 3 ×/day (CAN; SKY); 0.3–2 ml liquid root extract
(PNC); 2–4 ml root tincture; 40 mg herb in 40–60% ethanol (SF); up to 1 tsp tincture/day (APA);
2–4 ml tincture (1:10 in 60% alcohol) (CAN); 3.5–7 ml tincture (1:5); 6–12 ml tincture (1:10) (MAB);
0.3–2.0 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 90% alcohol) (CAN); 1.5–3 ml fluid extract (1:2) (MAB); 1 (540
mg) capsule 3 ×/day (NH); 40 mg StX (1 mg deoxyacteine)/day (SKY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Cohosh) — Class 2b, 2c (AHP). No
contraindications/drug interactions noted (KOM). I got a challenging letter from German parties
with an economic interest in cohosh, asking where I got the cautionary remarks from in my 1985
CRC book. They must really be irritated by what follows: Commission E reports occasional gastric
complaints. Not to be used for more than 6 months (AEH). With prolonged use, may irritate the
uterus, cause dizziness, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headaches, joint pains, and
lowered heart rate. Can contribute to abnormal blood clotting and liver problems. Can encourage
breast tumors. Should not be used by anyone with any type of heart disease or by anyone advised
not to take oral contraceptives. “Women taking estrogen therapy should consult a physician before
using black cohosh” (SKY). Can cause premature labor. Because of insufficient data, use during
pregnancy and lactation is not advised. Should be used only under medical supervision (TMA,
1996). High doses may cause diaphoresis, dizziness, nausea, reduced pulse rate, visual disturbances,
and vomiting (CAN). Because of uterine estrogen receptor binding in vitro, its use in pregnancy
and lactation is to be avoided. What they say about black cohosh should be templated and said for
every herb, “It has been recommended that black cohosh should only be used in therapeutic doses,
and that high doses are potentially dangerous” (CAN). “Canadian regulations do not allow black
cohosh as a non-medicinal ingredient for oral use products” (Michols, 1995). Pedersen is not much
kinder, “Such constituents as tannins, gallic acid, and pseudotannins, including isoferulic acid, and
the salicylates, are irritants to the skin, lungs, and kidneys. The drastic action of the irritant principles
in black cohosh are not lethal, but overdoses are characterized by nausea and headache” (PED).
Schulz et al. (1998) are nicer to this herb, sold in Germany and America, than the Anglos quoted
above. In five studies using doses equivalent to 40 mg/day crude herb, there are no case reports of
toxic effects from the herb, and there appears to be no specific toxicity associated with any of its
known constituents. Two of the five showed mild side effects (dizziness, GI distress, headache, and
weight gain). No other contraindications are known. The duration of use should not exceed 3 months
(SHT). Cohosh extract augmented the activity of tamoxiphen (MAB). Finally, let me quote Gruenwald,
editor-in-chief of the Herbal PDR, and coincidentally, also editor of the ABC Commission

E translation, because the two versions differ. “No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. An intake of very
high dosages of the drug (5 g) or an extract (12 g) leads to vomiting, headache, dizziness, limb
pain, and lowered blood pressure.” He’s sanitizing or whitewashing if not ignoring the mild side
effects reported in two of the five German studies cited above. He refers to the gastric side effects
as adverse effects as distinct from side effects. I detect a whitewash of the cohosh, perhaps well
deserved and scientifically accurate. Stay tuned.
Extracts (Black Cohosh) — Estrogenic and hypotensive effects reported (AHP). Resin hypotensive
(1 mg/kg). Triterpenes hypocholesterolemic. Formononetin binds to estrogen receptor sites, inducing
an estrogen-like activity in the body (SKY). Alcoholic extracts decrease luteinizing hormone
secretions in menopausal women (SKY). Cimicifugin antispasmodic and sedative (PED) but rapidly
converted to an inactive compound when the fresh root is bruised or cut. Formononetin may act
as estradiol antagonist (binding to the receptor but not producing an effect) rather than an agonist
(binding to and activating the receptor), hence not affecting LH secretion (MAB). Studies of 13
American populations of black cohosh refute the presence of formononetin.

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BLACK BRYONY (Tamus communis L.)

BLACK BRYONY (Tamus communis L.)

 

Activities (Black Bryony) — Allergenic (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; GMH); Emetic (1; GMH; PH2);
Histaminic (1; PH2); Laxative (f; EFS; HHB); Propecic (f; HHB; PH2); Rubefacient (f; PH2);
Toxic (1; GMH); Vulnerary (f; EFS).
Indications (Black Bryony) — Alopecia (f; HHB; PH2); Arthrosis (f; JLH); Asthma (f; GMH);
Bruise (f; EFS; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Chilblain (f; GMH); Constipation
(f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Gout (f; PH2); Gravel (f; GMH); Induration (f; JLH);
Paralysis (f; GMH); Phymata (f; JLH); Polyp (f; JLH); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Rhinosis (f;
JLH); Sore (f; GMH); Splenosis (f; JLH); Strain (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; GMH); Whitlow
(f; JLH).
Dosages (Black Bryony) — Don’t take internally (JAD). Fruits steeped in gin for chilblain
(GMH).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Bryony) — Not covered (AHP;
KOM). Oxalate needles on contact may trigger histaminic reactions; internally may irritate
mouth, throat, stomach, and intestines (PH2). “Death in most painful form is the result of an
overdose” (GMH).

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BLACKBERRY LILY (Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.)

BLACKBERRY LILY (Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.)

Synonym — B. punctata Moench, Gemmingia chinensis Kuntze, Ixia chinensis L.
Activities (Blackberry Lily) — Alexeteric (f; WO2); Antiallergic (1; WO3); Antiasthmatic
(f; WO3); Antibacterial (1; FAY); Antidote, curare (f; FAY); Antiemetic (f; LMP); Antihistaminic
(f; WO3); Antiinflammatory (f; WO3); Antioxidant (1; WO3); Antipyretic (f; DAA);
Antitussive (f; WO3); Antiviral (1; FAY); Aperient (f; WO2); Bitter (f; LMP; WO2); Carminative
(f; LMP); Cholinergic (1; WO3); Deobstruent (f; LMP; WO2); Depurative (f; LMP;
WO2); Detoxicant (f; FAY); Diuretic (f; LMP); Emmenagogue (f; LMP); Expectorant (f; DAA;
FAY; WO3); Fungicide (1; FAY); Hypotensive (1; FAY); Laxative (f; DAA); Stomachic (f;
DAA); Tonic (f; DAA).

Indications (Blackberry Lily) — Allergy (1; WO3); Asthma (1; DAA; LMP; WO3); Bacteria (1;
FAY); Boil (f; DAA); Bronchosis (f; FAY); Bruise (f; DAA); Cancer (f; DAA); Cancer, breast (f;
DAA; FAY); Cancer, larynx (f; DAA); Childbirth (f; LMP); Constipation (f; DAA); Cough (f;
FAY); Dermatosis (f; FAY); Dropsy (f; DAA); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAA; FAY); Dysuria (f; DAA);
Fever (f; DAA); Fungus (1; FAY); Gas (f; LMP); Gastrosis (f; DAA); Goiter (f; DAA); Gonorrhea
(f; DAA; LMP); Hepatosis (f; DAA; FAY); High Blood Pressure (1; FAY); Infection (1; FAY);
Inflammation (f; WO3); Laryngosis (f; DAA; FAY); Lumbago (f; LMP); Malaria (f; DAA); Mastosis
(f; DAA; FAY); Mycosis (1; FAY); Parotosis (f; FAY); Pulmonosis (f; DAA); Rheumatism (f;
DAA); Sore Throat (f; FAY; WO3); Splenosis (f; DAA; FAY); Stomachache (f; DAA); Swelling
(f; DAA; LMP); Tonsilosis (f; DAA; FAY; LMP); VD (f; DAA); Virus (1; FAY); Vomiting (f; LMP);
Water Retention (f; LMP).
Dosages (Blackberry Lily) — 2.5–9 g root in decoction (FAY); root made into poultice (FAY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Blackberry Lily) — Not covered (AHP;
KOM; PH2). Contraindicated in pregnancy; contains toxic iridoids belamcandin and iridin. Root
for use only under medical supervision.

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BLACKBERRY (Rubus spp.)

BLACKBERRY (Rubus spp.)

Most European entries (EFS, HHB, MAD, PH2) accrue to R. fruticosus, the European blackberry.
Most American entries (CEB, DEM, FAD, FEL) accrue to American species. I think raspberries
and blackberries can be treated generically, when it comes to medicine, like bilberries and
blueberries.
Activities (Blackberry) — Antibacterial (1; MAD); Antidote (f; DEM); Antiinflammatory (1;
APA); Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antitumor (f; APA); Apoptotic (f; JNU); Astringent (1; APA; EFS
PH2); Depurative (f; DEM; EFS); Detoxicant (1; JNU); Diaphoretic (f; MAD); Diuretic (f; DEM;

EFS); Fungicide (f; MAD); Hemostat (1; APA); Hypocholesterolemic (1; JNU); Stimulant (f;
DEM); Tonic (f; DEM; EFS).
Indications (Blackberry) — Angina (f; MAD); Appendicitis (f; MAD); Bacteria (1; MAD);
Bleeding (1; APA; DEM; FEL; FNF; MAD); Boil (1; DEM; FNF); Bronchosis (f; CEB; MAD);
Cancer (1; JLH; JNU); Catarrh (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; FEL); Cholera (f; FEL); Cold (f;
DEM; MAD); Condyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (1; CEB; DEM; FNF); Cough (f; CEB;
DEM; MAD); Dermatosis (f; MAD); Diabetes (f; MAD); Diarrhea (2; APA; DEM; PHR; PH2);
Dropsy (f; APA; MAD; PH2); Dysentery (1; DEM; FNF); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM; MAD);
Dysuria (f; DEM); Enterosis (1; APA; MAD; PH2); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f; DEM;
FEL; MAD); Fungus (1; MAD); Gastrosis (1; APA; DEM; PH2); Gleet (f; FEL); Glossosis
(f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; FEL); Gout (f; APA); Gravel (f; CEB); Headache (f; DEM); Hematemesis
(1; DEM; FNF); Hemoptysis (f; CEB); Hemorrhoid (1; APA; CEB; DEM); High Cholesterol
(1; JNU); Infection (1; DEM; FNF; MAD); Inflammation (1; APA; JLH); Leukorrhea
(f; FEL; MAD); Lung Problem (f; DEM); Menorrhagia (f; MAD); Miscarriage (f; DEM);
Mycosis (1; MAD); Nausea (f; FEL); Nephrosis (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; CEB; DEM);
Pharyngosis (2; APA; PHR; PH2); Phthisis (f; CEB); Proctosis (f; FEL); Prolapse (f; FEL);
Pulmonosis (f; CEB); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Scab (f; MAD); Scabies (f; MAD); Sore (1;
DEM; FNF); Sore Throat (2; APA; DEM); Stomatosis (2; APA; MAD; PHR; PH2); Stone (f;
MAD); Swelling (f; APA); Tonsilosis (f; MAD); Tuberculosis (1; DEM; FNF; MAD); Tumor
(f; APA); Uterosis (f; FEL); VD (f; DEM); Vomiting (f; DEM; FEL); Wart (f; JLH); Water
Retention (f; DEM; EFS); Wound (f; APA).
Dosages (Blackberry) — 1–2 tsp chopped leaf/cup water, up to 6 ×/day; 4 tsp (~4.4 g) leaf in hot
tea; 1.5 g leaf/cup tea, 2–3 ×/day (PH2); 1–2 tsp powdered bark/cup water; up to 2 tsp tincture/day
(APA); 1500 mg root tea up to 3 ×/day (APA); 20–30 grains powdered root bark (FEL); 2–4 ml
liquid root extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Blackberry) — Class 1 (AHP).
Extracts (Blackberry) — Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and
Vaccinium spp. have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The
extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically
generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in
both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active substances
(X1332092).

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